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Classification

Classification. Biological Species Concept. Species : populations of organisms having common characteristics and successfully breed with each other. 3 Domains from common ancestry. Domain Bacteria (Kingdom Monera-Prokaryotes) Domain Archaea (Kingdom Monera- Prokaryotes)

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Classification

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  1. Classification

  2. Biological Species Concept • Species: populations of organisms having common characteristics and successfully breed with each other

  3. 3 Domains from common ancestry • Domain Bacteria (Kingdom Monera-Prokaryotes) • Domain Archaea (Kingdom Monera- Prokaryotes) • Domain Eukarya (4 other kingdoms- Eukaryotes)

  4. 5 Kingdoms (6 ?) • Monera ? • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

  5. Six Kingdoms • Recently, biologists recognized that Monera were composed of two distinct groups: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.

  6. The Tree of Life Evolves Changing Number of Kingdoms Names of Kingdoms Introduced 1700’s Plantae Animalia Late 1800’s Plantae Protista Animalia 1950’s Animalia Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Archae-bacteria Animalia 1990’s Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae

  7. Taxonomy of the Gray Wolf

  8. MARINE BIOLOGY Microbial World

  9. Primary Producers • How does energy flow through an ecosystem? Starts with the producers (autotrophs) • organisms that convert energy from the sun or chemicals to produce food and other organic molecules • 2 methods • Photosynthesis • Chemosynthesis

  10. Prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera) • Smallest and structurally simplest organisms. • Contain cell wall and cell membrane • No nucleus or most organelles • Two domains: Bacteria and Archaea

  11. BACTERIA • I.D. by shapes- spheres, spirals and rods • Many are helpful in breaking down waste • Detritus-dead organic matter • Decay Bacteria break down waste products (detritus) and release nutrients into environment

  12. Cyanobacteria • Photosynthetic • Once known as blue-green algae • Also cause red tide

  13. Archaea • Archaebacteria- Primitive form of life • Live in extreme environments • Examples : Sulfur springs, Hydrothermal vents

  14. Chemosynthesis Bacteria use inorganic compounds from within the Earth to produce carbohydrates Locations: thermal vents and hot springs Possible beginning of life

  15. Metabolism • Autotrophs- make own organic compounds • Heterotrophs- obtain energy from organic matter through respiration (decomposers)-aerobic and anaerobic • Nitrogen Fixation- converting Nitrogen gas to ammonium, which is transformed into nitrate (used by primary producers)

  16. Protist (Kingdom Protista) • A protist is any organism that is not a plant, an animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote. • Appeared on earth 1.5 billion years ago. • Classified by how they obtain nutrition. • Animallike • Plantlike • Funguslike

  17. Plantlike Protist • Unicellular algae • photosynthetic pigments • Classify by the type of pigments they contain (green, brown, or red-chloroplasts) • Diatoms, Dinoflagellates (Pfiesteria and Zooxanthellae), Euglenophytes, Chrysophytes • Red, Green, Brown Algae (but these are multicellular!)

  18. Diatoms #1 • unicellular • frustule – glassy shell • The frustules contain silica which cannot decompose • Yellow/brown- carotenoid pigments • Cold water primary producers

  19. Diatoms • Cell wall forms “box like” structure. • Many have spines or ribs

  20. Reproduction

  21. Dinoflagellates #2 • Unicellular w/ 2 flagella • 50% photosynthetic • 50% heterotrophs • Cell wall protected by plates made of cellulose • Many are bioluminescent

  22. Bioluminescence • Flashlight fish

  23. Dinoflagellates • Photosynthetic, But many can also ingest food particles. • Reproduce by cell division • Can cause Algae Blooms-Red Tide

  24. Red Tide • During a “bloom” of organisms the numbers are so great that it turns the water red. • Some species will release a toxin that effects the nervous systems of fishParalytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)

  25. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning • PSP is caused by a dino species that produces a toxin that is taken up by mollusks. • If eaten can cause paralysis or death

  26. Fish kills • saxitoxins (neurotoxins from dino’s causing paralysis) • As bacteria decompose the dead fish, more oxygen is used up causing more fish to die.

  27. Pfiesteria-dinoflagellates (blooms triggered by pollution)-parasiteslesions

  28. Zooxanthellae • Photosynthetic brown dinoflagellates that provide food for their host organism (symbiotic with reef corals) • The host provides carbon dioxide and shelter. • What type of relationship is this ? • Examples of host organisms: jellyfish, coral, and mollusks.

  29. Euglenophytes #3 • Plant-like protists • They use two flagella for movement • Does not have a cell wall • Do have a cell membrane called a pellicle • Finds sunlight by the use of a cluster of pigment known as the eyespot

  30. Chrysophytes #4 • Plantlike protists that contain gold colored chloroplasts. • Reproduce asexually and sexually • Example: Yellow green algae • Star-shaped internal silica skeleton

  31. Animal-like Protists • Protozoa- “First animals” (protozoans) • Heterotrophic and ingest food like animals • Unicellular • Phyla based on how they move • Zooflagellates, Forams, Radiolarians, Ciliates, Sarcondina

  32. Zooflagellates #1 • Swim using flagella • Absorb food through their cell membranes • Most reproduce asexually- binary fission • Some sexually - meiosis

  33. Foraminiferans #2 • Called forams • Shell calledtest • Chambers in the shell which get larger as it grows • TEST is made of calcium carbonate • Contain pseudopodia-extensions of cytoplasm used to trap diatoms for food

  34. Foraminiferans

  35. Radiolarians #3 • Shells are made of silica and form sediments (ooze) covering ocean floor after settling • Most are microscopic but can form colonies up to 10 feet in length!

  36. Ciliophora #4 • Ciliates • Named for cilia, hairlike projections used for movement. • Found in freshwater and saltwater • Posses a thick outer membrane, the pellicle, that surrounds the cell membrane that gives the Paramecium its shape.

  37. Nutrition of Paramecium • The cilia move food into the oral groove which leads to the gullet. • The food is forced into food vacuoles • Digestive enzymes break down the food • Undigested food is removed through the anus

  38. Internal Anatomy of Paramecium • Contain two nuclei • A large macronucleus that controls respiration, protein synthesis, and digestion. • A small micronucleus that controls reproduction and contains a reserve copy of genes.

  39. Sarcondina #5 • Amoeba • Shape is constantly changing due to flowing cytoplasm • By pushing the plasma membrane it is able to form feetlike projections to help it move- pseudopodia

  40. Nutrition of Amoeba • Amoebas use part of the cell membrane called phagocytosis to surround its food to form a food vacuole. • The amoeba lives in fresh water ponds and eats algae and other protozoans.

  41. Fungus-like Protists • Multicellular (some unicellular) • Heterotrophs • Decompose detritus • Lichens- symbiotic w/ algae • Slime Molds

  42. Slime Molds • Recycle organic material

  43. Cellular Slime Molds • Live as free living cells • Form a slug-like colony that functions as one organism. • Releases spores for reproduction

  44. Acellular Slime Molds • Begin as amoeba-like cells • Eventually fuse together to form plasmodia • These structures can grow to 10 feet in diameter

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