Chinese Civil War

1. Chinese Civil War

2. The Chinese Republic • Established in 1911 • Sun Yatsen Served as president • Established the Guomindang or Nationalist Party.

3. Formation of the Chinese Republic • The Qing Dynasty had been in power since 1644 • The people of China, under nationalist leader Sun Yixian, demanded: • “Nationalism”  The end of foreign domination & influence • “Democracy”  Formation of a representative government • “People’s Livelihood”  A modernized & industrialized economy to provide security for the people of China

4. Formation of the Chinese Republic • Sun Yixian (Yatsen) • Leader of the Kuomintang • Kuomintang China’s Nationalist Party • Overthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes China’s first president, but… • “The Chinese people…do not have national spirit. Therefore, even though we have four hundred million people gathered together in China…they are just a heap of loose sand.” • Sun could not unite China • Turns over presidency to a top general who overturns democratic reforms • China becomes a military dictatorship overrun by warlords

5. World War I & The Treaty of Versailles • In 1917, China declares war on Germany • China believed by fighting for the allies that at the end of the war, territories controlled by Germany would be returned to the people of China • Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German territory

6. Three Principles of the Republic • Nationalism • Democracy • Livelihood

8. Chiang Kai-Shek

9. After Sun Yixian’s death in 1925, Jiang Jieshi becomes the head of the Kuomintang Jiang Feared communism Supported by bankers and businessmen Over saw a corrupt government Chiang Kai-shek & the Nationalists

10. Chaing Kai-Shek • Emerged as the leader of the Nationalist Party after the death of Sun Yatsen in 1925. • By 1928 Chaing Kai-Shek brought China under his control.

11. The Communist Party in China • Many intellectual Chinese turned against Western Democracy (as you might imagine they would considering how the democracies treated China • Communist Party • Lead by former university asst. librarian Mao Zedong • Influence by the Russian Revolutions of 1917

12. The Chinese Communist Party • Established in 1921 • Challenged the authority of the Nationalists.

13. Student of Marxism However, he believed the communist revolutions would not begin with urban factory workers, but with RURAL PEASANTS “The force of the peasantry is like that of the raging winds and driving rain. It is rapidly increasing in violence. No force can stand in its way. The peasantry will tear apart all nets which bind it…They will bury beneath them all forces of imperialism, militarism, corrupt officialdom, village bosses and evil gentry.” Mao Zedong

14. Mao Zedong • Emerged as the communist leader in China. • Mao believed that communist success depended on gaining the support of the peasants.

15. Chinese Civil War • Chaing Kai Shek starts a campaign against communists • Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the Communist Party and union members on the city streets of Shanghai • Nearly wipes out all members of the Communist Party • In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang Jieshi as president of China • The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of Communist Party in China

16. Chinese Civil War • The Long March • Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists and surrounds them • 100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000 mile-journey (The Long March) • Tens of thousands die due to • Starvation • Battle wounds • Exposure to the cold • Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the caves of northwestern China.

17. The Long March • In 1934 the communists led by Mao fled from Nationalist armies more than 6000 miles to The remote province of Shaanxi.

20. Red Army soldiers marching part of the 6,000 miles Luding Bridge

21. Cave dwellings in Shaanxi Red Army troops crossing the snowy mountains Mao on the Long March Communist leader addresses the survivors of the Long March

23. Chinese Civil War • Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting peasants • Established themselves in the countryside of south-central China • Trained Red Army in guerilla warfare with help from Soviet Union • Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after them, but can’t completely wipe them out due to guerilla warfare

24. The Manchurian Incident

25. The Mukden Incident, also known as the Manchurian Incident, was a staged event engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for invading the northern part of China, known as Manchuria, in 1931.

26. In 1931, Japan was in the need of natural resources. They tried to find resources in other countries, but without good production in their own country they couldn't afford it. The little resources they had, needed to be used on themselves. They had interest in a small piece of land in China called Manchuria. The Japanese needed an excuse to invade the land so they placed a bomb in the railway tracks of one of their own stations. Then, they blamed this attack on China. In response, the Japanese took control of Manchuria, obtaining the natural resources they needed.

27. Manchuria – was rich in natural resources (iron and coal) that Japan needed to support its industry. Japan created a puppet state called Manchukuo .

28. Japanese Invasion • In 1937 the Japanese launched an all-out war against China. • The Nationalists and Communists joined together to battle the Japanese.

30. Chinese Civil War: Japanese Invasion • Time Out!!! • The Civil War between the Nationalists and Red armies is suspended • JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA IN 1931 • By 1937 Japan invades all of China • Nationalists and Communists unite to repel Japanese invasion • TO BE CONTINUED AFTER WORLD WAR II… Japanese troops entering Shenyang

33. Communist Victory • After WWII the Nationalists and Communists resumed their civil war. • In 1949 Communists soldiers swept into Beijing.

36. The Peoples Republic of China • In 1949 Mao announced the birth of The Peoples Republic of China. • Chaing Kai-Shek and the Nationalists fled to Taiwan.

38. The Great Leap Forward • Mao’s plan to increase industrial and agricultural output. • Communes were created. • Communes were given production quotas.

42. Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution

43. Introduction • The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (无产阶级文化大革命), was started in 1966. • It was set up to secure Maoism and eliminate Political Opponents. • It officially ended in 1969, when Mao himself admitted that the revolution had ended. • Over this period of three years, many died and millions more imprisoned. The leaders of the Cultural Revolution remained in power, even after the end of the Revolution. • The period is widely considered to have been a period of economic stagnation.

44. A short intro to the Red Guard • The Red Guard is the name given to the hundreds of thousands of students who left their schools to spread Mao’s message; that the Moderates were bringing China down the ‘Capitalist Road’, and needed to return to pure Communism once again • They were responsible for a majority of the chaos created during the Cultural Revolution • They traveled the countryside and visited factories, etc. to spread the message • At the end of the Cultural Revolution, they were sent to the countryside to ‘learn from the peasants’

45. Influence – The Red Guard • They had the workers arrange meetings so frequent that production came to a standstill • Anyone who complained was accused of being a bourgeois, etc. • Vandalism was also common, as the Red Guard started to stamp out authorities, like the leader of the factory, etc. • High levels of violence ensued • This meant that national output fell dramatically during the course of the Cultural Revolution • This caused the Chinese economy to be crippled through the three-year duration of the Cultural Revolution

46. Influence - Political • Later, the Gang of Four, especially Jiang Qing considered everything as Capitalist; they condemned a basic theory that production power decided the relation of production to the character of the society as ‘Revisionism’; in a sense referring to looking back to the past. • They agitated workers openly by saying ‘[not to] fear to stop production and work’. • They disliked modernism; they referred the introduction of technological plants as ‘worshipping and toadying to foreign countries’. • Most workers complained about the Four’s policies, and made an effort to produce. However, a decline in production was impossible, with their constant exposure to slogans created by Jiang's groups

47. The Cultural Revolution1966 • Renew communist loyalties • Red Guards attacked professors and other officials. • China closes to the outside world. • People fear arrest or exile.

50. Social Reforms • Women received equality under the law. • Literacy increased.