Modernization and Transformation of Japan

1. Modernization and Transformation of Japan YUEN LONG MERCHANTS ASSOCIATION SECONDARY SCHOOL By CHUNG WAI CHING 1

2. Modernization and Transformation of Japan Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the early 20th century The rise of militarism and its consequences Reconstruction and growth after WWII Relations with other Asian Countries 2 Early 20th century: time span-the first half of the 20th century Overview: how to deal with the complicity of the conditions and features Rise of militarism: relative importance of the various factors & features; impact on Japan; impact on Asia�far-reaching impact on the relations between Japan and other Asian countries Post-war economic growth: focus on economy�why (common & specific factors) and how (with stages?); remind of the irrelevancy of political, social or even ideological conditions in Japan Relations with other Asian countries: change and continuity Overall: change and continuity of economic conditions in the whole 20th century; 20th century: up to 2000 (e.g. economic situation; relations with other countries) Early 20th century: time span-the first half of the 20th century Overview: how to deal with the complicity of the conditions and features Rise of militarism: relative importance of the various factors & features; impact on Japan; impact on Asia�far-reaching impact on the relations between Japan and other Asian countries Post-war economic growth: focus on economy�why (common & specific factors) and how (with stages?); remind of the irrelevancy of political, social or even ideological conditions in Japan Relations with other Asian countries: change and continuity Overall: change and continuity of economic conditions in the whole 20th century; 20th century: up to 2000 (e.g. economic situation; relations with other countries)

3. Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century 3

4. Political conditions Social conditions Economic conditions Cultural conditions 4 Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century Early 20th century: time span-the first half of the 20th centuryEarly 20th century: time span-the first half of the 20th century

5. Political conditions Social conditions Economic conditions Cultural conditions 5 Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century

6. Showa Period [1926-1989 ]

7. Political conditions 7

8. 8 Political Conditions

9. 9 Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century

10. 10 Political Conditions

11. 11 Political Conditions

12. 12 Political Conditions

13. Economic conditions 13

14. Economic Ups and Downs Economic boom: E.g. Russo-Japanese War E.g. WWI Economic bust: E.g. 1923: Great Tokyo Earthquake E.g. 1927: Bank Crisis E.g. 1929: Great Depression 14 Economic Conditions

15. Economic Ups and Downs Economic boom: Economic bust: 1923: Great Tokyo Earthquake 1927: Bank Crisis 1929: Great Depression 15 Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century

16. Industrialization As a world industrial power, esp. in WWI Focus: From light industries to heavy/military industries 16

17. Agriculture Crucial source of state tax revenues Land tax: 80% of government income By 1920: supported the growing population with increased output 17

18. 18 Economic Conditions

19. Social conditions 19

20. Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century Urbanization 20

21. Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century Widening gaps between different social classes 21

22. Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century Unions, strikes, demonstrations 22

23. High degree of freedom? 23 Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century

24. Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century Women�s status 24 -New Women�s Association was later dissolved -Less social constraints: e.g. freedom of marriage, publication of magazines, becoming a working force in different occupations like journalist, typist, bookkeeper, telephone receptionist, shroff �. 1920: got the right of political speech in public --New Women�s Association was later dissolved -Less social constraints: e.g. freedom of marriage, publication of magazines, becoming a working force in different occupations like journalist, typist, bookkeeper, telephone receptionist, shroff �. 1920: got the right of political speech in public -

25. Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century 25

26. Cultural conditions 26

27. Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century Tradition preserved 27

28. Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century Popularity of Western Culture 28

29. Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century Westernized? Traditional? 29 -Any social problems related to the modernization?e.g. due to the economic development? --Any social problems related to the modernization?e.g. due to the economic development? -

30. Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century Distinctive literature 30

31. Factors for the Rise of Militarism and its Impact 31

32. 32 Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century

33. Analyse the factors leading to the rise of militarism and assess its impact on Japan and Asia as a whole 33 Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century

34. Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact 34

35. Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact 35

36. Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact Weaknesses of the Party Government 36

37. Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact 37

38. Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact Inglorious Foreign Policy 38

39. Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact 39

40. Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact Rise of Extreme Nationalistic Ideas 40

41. Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact Factors for the Rise of Militarism 41

42. 42

43. Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact Emphasis on the use of force Stress on absolute loyalty and obedience Promotion of foreign expansion Pan-Asianism Anti-communism

44. Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact Consequences of Militarism for Asia 44

45. Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact 45 Consequences of Militarism for Asia

46. Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact 46 Consequences of Militarism for Japan

47. Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact 47

48. Reconstruction and growth after WWII 48

49. 49 Factors for Postwar Economic Growth

50. Explain why and how Japan�s economy recovered and grew in the post WWII period 50 Early 20th century: time span-the first half of the 20th centuryEarly 20th century: time span-the first half of the 20th century

51. Postwar Economic Situation 51

52. 52 Factors for Postwar Economic Growth

53. 53 Factors for Postwar Economic Growth

54. Reasons for each period??? Common Factors??? 54 Factors for Postwar Economic Growth

55. Common Factors 55 Factors for Postwar Economic Growth

56. 56

57. 57

58. Postwar Political Developments 58

59. Postwar Political Developments 59 SCAP Declaration: freedom of speech, press, and assembly and right to organize labour or farmer unions Extended civil and political rights to women Pacifist Constitution????, 1947 -Emperor is merely a symbol and that he derives "his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power -confirmed to provide �fundamental human right� -outlawed discrimination based on sex, race, creed, social status, or family origin - article 9 �forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes -guaranteed equality in marriage, divorce, property, inheritance and other matters pertaining to marriage and the familySCAP Declaration: freedom of speech, press, and assembly and right to organize labour or farmer unions Extended civil and political rights to women Pacifist Constitution????, 1947 -Emperor is merely a symbol and that he derives "his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power -confirmed to provide �fundamental human right� -outlawed discrimination based on sex, race, creed, social status, or family origin - article 9 �forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes -guaranteed equality in marriage, divorce, property, inheritance and other matters pertaining to marriage and the family

60. 60

61. 61

62. Postwar Political Developments 62

63. Postwar Political Developments 63 Japan Socialist Party: won a plurality in the 1947 election and formed a government in coalition with the Democratic Party BUT: old guard parties returned to power Liberal and Democratic Parties: presented as reluctant wartime collaborators; determined not to change too much; delivered protection and subsidies to prewar supporters Red Purge: outlawed strikes by public employees and weaken protective labour standards Japan Socialist Party: won a plurality in the 1947 election and formed a government in coalition with the Democratic Party BUT: old guard parties returned to power Liberal and Democratic Parties: presented as reluctant wartime collaborators; determined not to change too much; delivered protection and subsidies to prewar supporters Red Purge: outlawed strikes by public employees and weaken protective labour standards

64. Postwar Political Developments 64 --

65. Postwar Social Developments Black Market 65

66. Postwar Political Developments 66

67. Postwar Political Developments 67

68. Postwar Political Developments 68 -paved roads: 1 % of roads in 1946; 46 % in 1980 -bullet trains: cut the traveling time from 8 to 3 hours-paved roads: 1 % of roads in 1946; 46 % in 1980 -bullet trains: cut the traveling time from 8 to 3 hours

69. Postwar Social Developments Education (SCAP Period): Wartime textbooks were rewritten Replace lessons for war and loyalty to the state with teachings of peace and democracy Imperial label was removed 1947: compulsory education was extended through 9 grade 1947: Women were granted access to private and public universities 69

70. Postwar Social Developments Education (Post SCAP) Hierarchical system remained: middle school, high school, college or university Increasing number of youths advanced to high school Educated-based hierarchy 70

71. Postwar Political Developments 71

72. Postwar Social Developments Shifted from working in textile companies to electronic companies Living in company housing and enjoying very constraining benefits of paternalistic management policies 72

73. Postwar Social Developments Gender Inequality Male graduates: entered managerial positions Female graduates: faced tremendous barriers Schooling for female: courses in home economics, health�learned the skills of good wives and mothers 73 Male graduates: entered managerial positions Female graduates: faced tremendous barriers Schooling for female: courses in home economics, health�learned the skills of good wives and mothers; 90% students in 2-year colleges were women and offered courses of home economics, education and literature; � students at 4-year colleges were men who studied engineering Male graduates: entered managerial positions Female graduates: faced tremendous barriers Schooling for female: courses in home economics, health�learned the skills of good wives and mothers; 90% students in 2-year colleges were women and offered courses of home economics, education and literature; � students at 4-year colleges were men who studied engineering

74. Postwar Social Developments 74

75. Postwar Social Developments 75

76. Relations with other Asian countries 76

77. 77 Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century

78. 78 Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century

79. Relations with Other Asian Countries Political Relations Economic Relations Cultural Relations 79

80. Relations with Other Asian Countries 80

81. Relations with Other Asian Countries Chronological approach 81

82. Thematic approach 82 Relations with Other Asian Countries

83. 83 Relations with Other Asian Countries

84. 84 Relations with Other Asian Countries Cartoons, movies, toys, sony, shishedoCartoons, movies, toys, sony, shishedo

85. 85

86. Thank You 86