Classification in Biology: Taxonomy and Binomial Nomenclature

1. Classification

2. Classification • Classification: process of grouping things based on their similar characteristics • Why Classify? • identifies related organisms • Makes organisms easier to identify • Taxonomy: the science of describing, classifying, and naming living things

3. How do we classify? • Linnaeus: classification system uses physical characteristics • created binomial nomenclature: a twoword naming system for a species more on this later

4. How do we classify? • developed a system of taxonomy based on groups (taxa) that fitinside one another • Species is the smallest and Domain is the largest

5. Taxa • species (smallest) fits into Genus • Genus fits into Family • Families fit into Orders • Orders fit into Classes • Classes fit into Phylum (pl. phyla) • Phyla fit into Kingdoms • Kingdoms fit into Domains (largest)

6. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

7. Make a list of Characteristics that all the organisms share at the Kingdom level

8. What about at the Class level? Can anyone tell me what is the same for all the organisms at the Domain Level?

9. Figure 18-5 Classification of Ursus arctos Section 18-1 Coral snake Abert squirrel Sea star Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Go to Section:

10. On what is our Classification system based? • Shared characteristics • DNA

11. Why use Scientific Names? • common names are often misleading • binomial nomenclature: 1st word: Genus(always uppercase) 2nd word: species(always lowercase) EX: Homo sapien or Homo sapien Both italicized or underlined

12. Dichotomous Keys • Def: Identification guide that uses pairedquestions or statements to identify an organism

13. 1a. Item is 10 cm or more in any dimension........ go to 2 • 1b. Item is less than 10 cm in any dimension ..... go to 5 • 2a. Item has wooden parts ................................ go to 3 • 2b. Item does not have wooden parts ................. go to 5 • 3a. Item has a pointed edge .............................. Widget • 3b. Item does not have a pointed edge ............... go to 4 • 4a. Item is flat ................................................. Gadget • 4b. Item is rounded .......................................... Wadget • 5a. Item has a spherical shape .......................... go to 6 • 5b. Item is not spherical ................................... go to 7

14. Domain and Kingdom Taxonomy: • Constantly changing with each scientific discovery • There are 3 Domains in which the Kingdoms fit into

15. Domain Archaea • Characteristics: • Archaea means “Ancient” prokaryotes (no nucleus) • They are heat lovers, salt lovers, and methane lovers. • These guys live where nothing else can, in the harshest environments (ice, boiling heat) • Unicellular • Cell walls are present in some • Autotrophic: make their own food and Heterotrophic: consume food • Some can move

17. Domain Bacteria • Prokaryotic (no nucleus) and unicellular • Can be found in : soil, water, even on and in the body • Some can cause disease, others can be helpful • Have cell walls, which is how they can survive in your stomach • Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic • Some can move, others can not

18. Harmful Helpful

19. Domain Eukarya • All of the organisms in this domain are eukaryotic (have a nucleus) • The Kingdoms in this Domain: • Protists • Fungi • Plants • Animals

20. Kingdom Protists • Can be unicellular or multicellular • Have a cell walls • Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic • Some can move, others can not

21. Kingdom Fungi • Most are multicellular and all have a cell wall • All are heterotrophic • None can move

22. Kingdom Plants • All contain chlorophyll to make their own food • All have cell walls and are multicellular • None can move

23. Kingdom Animals • All are multicellular and none have cell walls • All consume their food • Mostly all animals can move at some stage of their life