Module 7 Internal Troubles, External Threats—China, Ottoman Empire and Japan 1800–1914

1. Module 7 Internal Troubles, External Threats—China, Ottoman Empire and Japan 1800–1914

2. The External Challenge: European Industry and Empire • BACKGROUND: New Motives, New Means: Industrial Revolution fuels Europe’s expansion • Demand for raw materials, agricultural products • Need for markets to sell products • Foreign investment opportunities for Europeans • Growth of Mass Nationalism in Europe--imperialism popular • Colonies as status symbol • Technology allows overseas expansion • telegraphs (communication), steamships, quinine (medicine) • Rifles, machine guns • New Perception of the “Other” • Europeans view themselves as superior—based on science, technology, religion • Disparage other societies, races • “scientific racism” based on eugenics, other supposed measurable evidence (phrenology) • Duty to “civilize” lesser peoples: introduce progress, Christianity • Social Darwinism—survival of the fittest concept linked to human societies • China: Chinese authorities had controlled European activities for centuries • population had grown from about 100 million in 1685 to 430 million in 1853 • But no industrial revolution – growing poverty, starvation • Bureaucracy doesn’t keep up with growing population • Warlords (regional nobility) and bandits gain increased power • Taiping uprising (1850-1864) led by radical Christian Chinese Hong Xiuquan • Demanded reforms, revolted against imperial power • 20-30 million Chinese killed in mass uprising

3. After Taiping rebellion crushed, provincial gentry (warlords) gain more power • Western pressure increases • Opium wars illustrate China’s weakness—Britain demands right to sell opium to China • Chinese imperial official try to outlaw the addictive drug, seize banned shipments • British go to war (1839-42) over failure of China to allow opium trade • Chinese defeated by British navy, required to accept free trade, opium, and cede land/ports • Second opium war—1852-58, British win again • China required to allow foreign missionaries, foreign navies to patrol Chinese rivers • China defeated by French and Japanese, also ceding territory afterwardsSelf • Self Strenghtening/Modernization movement by China –1880s-90s • Application of Confucian principles, some Western technology: too little, too late • Educated Chinese become disillusioned with Qing dynasty leaders • Boxer Rebellion (1900), Chinese attack Europeans, Chinese Christians • Drive for unified, modern nation, eventually leads to revolution, Republic in 1910-1912 • The Ottoman Empire—like China, avoided direct colonial rule, attempted defensive modernization • Gradual loss of territory to Russia, Britain, Austria, France in Europe, North Africa, Middle East • Napoleon conquers Egypt, 1798 • Greek, Serbia, Balkan states gain independence • European manufacture goods hurts Ottoman artisans • Foreign merchants win immunity from Ottoman laws, taxes. • After 1839 Tanzimat (reorganization) emerges—industrialization and modernization • Young Ottomans become “Young Turks” by 1900s—Turkish nation as goal, not empire

6. Military coup gives Young Turks real power • Outcomes: by 1900, both China and the Ottoman Empire were “semicolonies” • both gave rise to a new nationalist conception of society • China: the imperial system collapsed in 1911, followed by a vast revolution • creation of a Communist regime by 1949, within the same territory • Ottoman Empire: the empire collapsed following World War I • Chinese revolutionaries rejected Confucianism more than Turkish leaders rejected Islam • The Japanese Difference: The Rise of a New East Asian Power • 1853–1900: radical transformation of Japanese society—industrialization, modernization • Tokugawa years: internal peace 1600-1850 • Daimyo regulated but retain some autonomy—country not unified by central authority • hierarchical society: samurai at the top, then peasants, artisans, and merchants • samurai evolved into a bureaucratic/administrative class • great economic growth, commercialization, urban development • by 1750, Japan was perhaps the most urbanized country • high literacy rates (40 percent of males, 15 percent of females) • corruption was widespread • American Intrusion and the Meiji Restoration • U.S. sends Commodore Perry in 1853 to demand opening of trade, better treatment of Americans • in 1868, a group of young samurai claim to restore boy emperor Meiji to power • aimed to save Japan from Western interference by transforming society • Selective borrowing from the West—missions sent to West to learn science, technology, fashion • State-guided industrialization program funds factories, mines, railroads, postal, telegraph systems • State enterprises evolve into massive state backed private corporations • Japan and the World—1894-1905 • Japan seeks control of territory in China, Korea, Indochina, Russia, goes to war, wins • Brutal colonial policies enforced in Taiwan, Korea, Manchuria

12. Russian Industrial Revolution was launched by the 1890s  • focused on railroads and heavy industry • substantial foreign investment  • industry was concentrated in a few major cities, large factories   • growing middle class disliked Russia’s deep conservatism • Russian working class rapidly radicalized  •  harsh conditions     •  no legal outlet for grievances    •  large-scale strikes  • Insurrection breaks out in 1905, after Russia defeated by Japan • Moscow/St. Petersburg workers go on strike, create representative councils (“soviets”) • peasant uprisings, student demonstrations • non-Russian nationalities revolted • military mutiny • brutally suppressed, but forced the tsar’s regime to make reforms—fails to bring stability • World War I provided the revolutionary moment • Russian Revolution broke out in 1917, brought the most radical to power: Bolsheviks • only in Russia did industrialization lead to violent social revolution • The Industrial Revolution and Latin America in the Nineteenth Century • The four vice-royalties of Spanish America became eighteen separate countries • international wars hindered development of the new nations • Political life unstable, conservative forces backed by church were strong • Military strongmen (caudillos) gained power, worked in conjunction with US/European corporations to develop extractive economies (agricultural—coffee, sugar, rubber, etc) using low paid labor

14. Slavery abolished (though not until late 1880s in Brazil and Cuba) • most legal distinctions between racial categories were abolished • but creole whites remained overwhelmingly in control • small middle class allowed social mobility for a few • the vast majority were impoverished Facing the World Economy • after 1850: greater stability, integration into world economy • rapid growth of Latin American exports to industrializing countries • exported food products and raw materials • Becoming like Europe? • rapid population increase • rapid urbanization • actively sought European immigrants • few people benefited from the export boom--over 90 percent of the population still lower-class • Revolution in Mexico • overthrow of the dictator Porfirio Díaz (1876–1911) leads to major, bloody conflict (1910–1920 • huge peasant armies • transformed Mexico • rich landowners and cattlemen vs peasants and urban poor • economic growth was dependent on Europe and North America History and Horse Races: Who’s first, who’s superior