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Chapter 3: Biochemistry

Chapter 3: Biochemistry. Biochemistry. Water. Water has many unique properties that allow for many of its unique functions. Polarity: electrons are not shared equally . Polar : uneven electrical charge across a molecule allows for breaking of ionic bonds in aqueous solutions.

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Chapter 3: Biochemistry

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  1. Chapter 3: Biochemistry Biochemistry

  2. Water • Water has many unique properties that allow for many of its unique functions.

  3. Polarity: electrons are not shared equally • Polar: uneven electrical charge across a molecule • allows for breaking of ionic bonds in aqueous solutions

  4. Hydrogen Bonds: weak bonds involving hydrogen that are easily broken • Cohesion: force of attraction between like molecules • surface tension • Adhesion: force of attraction between unlike molecules • capillary action

  5. Hydrogen Bonds: weak bonds involving hydrogen that are easily broken • Temperature moderation • acts as an insulator: H bonds break before the molecules change temperature there by slowing the rate of change of temp. • H bonds break before the water dissociates

  6. Other properties • Solid less dense than liquid, hence ice floats • has great biological significance • most molecules the solid is more dense than the liquid • all three states occur naturally on earth

  7. Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen • Phosphorus • Sulfur • Sodium • Potassium • Calcium

  8. Carbon chemistry

  9. Carbon Compounds • organic: containing carbon atoms covalently bonded to other carbon atoms

  10. Carbon bonding • each C atom forms 4 covalent links to other atoms that may or may not be carbon • different formations and different bond strengths result in vastly different substances

  11. Carbon bonding • sp3 hybrid • All bonds even in size and strength • C-C results in completely non-polar bonds

  12. Diamond

  13. Graphite

  14. Coal

  15. Buckyballs and Nanotubes

  16. Macromolecules

  17. Large carbon molecules • Monomers: distinct unit of organic compound i.e. glucose • Polymers: many monomers linked together i.e. starch • Macromolecules: extremely large polymers • Condensation reactions form polymers • Aka: dehydration reaction • Hydrolysis reactions break apart polymers

  18. Hydrolysis H-OH H OH

  19. Condensation H H-OH OH

  20. The four macromolecules Of life

  21. Carbohydrates • Monosaccharide • simple or “One sugar” • ratio of atoms is (CH2O)n

  22. Disaccharides and polysaccharides • two or many sugars • Repeating monosaccharide • Combination of different monosaccharides

  23. Proteins • amino acids • 20 different amino acids (aa) • share a common basic structure with different functional groups • R represents a functional group • Functional groups can be very simple or quite complex

  24. Amino acid structure

  25. Proteins • dipeptides and polypeptides • formed through condensation reactions • affected by many things i.e. temperature, pH, H bonds

  26. Protein Folding

  27. Proteins • enzymes • specialized proteins that act as catalysts • enzyme remains unchanged • reduce activation energy

  28. Activation Energy

  29. Lipids (fats, waxes, oils) • fatty acids • carboxyl group • polar • hydrophilic: water loving • hydrocarbon end • non-polar • hydrophobic: water fearing • Saturated vs unsaturated

  30. Fatty acid

  31. Lipids (fats, waxes, oils) • Complex Lipids • triglycerides • solid at room temp. when saturated • oils and fats

  32. fat oil

  33. Lipids (fats, waxes, oils) • wax • fatty acid chain with alcohol chain • form highly protective layers

  34. Lipids (fats, waxes, oils) • Complex Lipids • phospholipids • two fatty acid chains • compose cell membranes • phospholipid bi-layer creates semi-permeable membrane

  35. Saturated and unsaturated lipids

  36. Phospholipids

  37. Lipids (fats, waxes, oils) • Complex Lipids • steroids • four fused C rings with various functional groups • hormones i.e. testosterone, progesterone, cholesterol, insulin

  38. Nucleic Acids • Made up of nucleotides

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