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Early Greece

Early Greece. Unit 4. QUIZ. 1. The period without any historical writing in Greece was known as the _______________. 2. __________ was a famous poet who wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey

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Early Greece

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  1. Early Greece Unit 4

  2. QUIZ • 1. The period without any historical writing in Greece was known as the _______________. • 2. __________ was a famous poet who wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey • 3. A(n) ________ is a genre of poetry, and today signifies a poem that tells the great deeds of heroes or gods. • 4. Hellas is the Greek word for ________________. • 5. The first Olympic games took place in ______________.

  3. Geography • Many different parts of land separated by seas • Peninsulas • Islands • Hard for people to develop a sense of unity • Mountains divide mainland • Short rivers do not allow for travel

  4. The Dark Ages • 1200 – 800 B.C. • Why is it called “Dark Age”?? • Steep decline in Mycenaean civilization • Changed from Bronze to Iron • Many believe the Mycenaeans migrated to Ionia • Greeks no longer wrote history or built stone structures

  5. The Dark Ages • What happened to the Mycenaeans? • Serious drought around 1200 B.C. • Volcano • Earthquakes (around 1225-1175 B.C.) • Mycenaean revolt? • Invasion? – “Sea Peoples”, Philistines or Italians…? • Dorians – “descendants of Heracles” • Landed on the Peloponnese, established Sparta • Ionians – settled in “Attica” • Eventually becomes known as Athens • Greece took a backward step in civilization • Stop producing art, writing and began to spend more time farming

  6. Homer • Lived around 800 B.C. • Iliad and The Odyssey • Epic – a poem that tells the great deeds of heroes or gods • Iliad is the oldest work of Western literature

  7. Iliad • Trojan War; Achilles withdraws from war in anger • Avenges the death of Patroclus; kills Hector • Importance of honor, vengeance and focused on Greek society

  8. Troy (2004): Achilles v. Hector • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80SsC_ZNbyI

  9. Odyssey • Odysseus, King of Ithaca • 10 year journey home after the Trojan War • Wants to return to save his family • Offers more insight into private and domestic life • Some historians believe that these poems were passed on orally and no one is positive when they were written down

  10. Archaic Age • Traces as far back as 900 B.C. • Contact with Phoenicians • Greek city-states began to rise all over Greece and even into Italy and Anatolia • There is also evidence of a Greek civilization in present-day Israel • Hellas – Greek word for “Greece” • This comes from the common mythical ancestor Helen • What does it mean to be Greek? • People belong to the same ethnicity if they identify themselves in a certain way

  11. Barbaros – anyone who is non-Greek • Had 4 or 5 different dialects • Most probably identified with their regions or cities, probably not with Greece • The Trojan War is viewed as the first Panhellenic venture • This was seen as a glorious victory for the Greek people and was a popular oral tradition throughout Archaic Greek history

  12. 8th Century Renaissance • Uninhabited lands are becoming populated • Greek pottery is found in over 80 sites throughout the Mediterranean • Adopted their alphabet from the Phoenicians • Some believe that the alphabet was adopted specifically to write down The Iliad and The Odyssey • Believed to have come from the Hebrew alphabet • “alpha” and “beta” = alphabet

  13. Olympic Games • 776 B.C. – took place at Olympia • Held to honor Zeus, the king of the gods • Only included running and wrestling • Soon, boxing, chariot racing and javelin throwing were introduced • They even had one race run in full armor! • Held every four years, winners of each event was given a jar of olive oil! – sometimes 7 feet tall!! • Athens gave the winner a house for life! • Why were the Olympic games banned after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire??

  14. The Rise of the Polis • Polis = city • Represented a group of citizens as opposed to architecture or an area • The citizens WERE the city • Very egalitarian – Greek cities were ruled by groups of citizens • Not kings or hereditary rulers • Politeia – “body of citizens” • Who were citizens? • Those who fought for the city. Never women, never anyone below the warrior class • The hoplite was the typical citizen

  15. HOPLITES • Hoplites – infantrymen • Phalanx – rigid formation • The only effective counter-force was another hoplite army, which is why they spread all over Greece! • Weaponry: • Shield • Helmet • Shinguards • Armor • Spear • Sword • Weighted 50-70 lbs! • Landowners, had to provide their own armor • The hoplite army represents loyalty to a polis, as opposed to individual glory • Hoplites: Video 1 – begin at 7:13 • Hoplites: Video 2 • Hoplites: Video 3 – stop at 5:30

  16. Typical Archaic Greek City • Tyrant – unelected ruler • Would usually garner the stereotype of acting selfishly • Oligarchy – rule of the few • Slaves, landless poor, aliens, and women all excluded from politics • Populations usually 50,000-300,000

  17. SPARTA • Ideal warrior state • Helots – conquered people of Sparta • Farmed the land and provided a quota to produce for their masters, the Spartans • Had double hereditary kingship • Had five chief magistrates and a council of elders • All of whom were elected democratically……by screaming

  18. SPARTAN WARRIOR • Spartans were full-time warriors • Helots would take care of the land and provide them with food • Taken into military schools at age of 7, remained • Lived in a barracks from age 20-30, ate in barracks until 60

  19. SPARTAN LIFE • INTERESTING FACTS: • If a young child looked weak or disabled, it was left on a hillside or thrown off a cliff • Young children were forced to sleep outdoors on a hard piece of wood. • If a young Spartan stole something and brought it back to his trainer, he was praised. If he was caught, he was savagely beaten • It wasn’t wrong to steal, but it was wrong to get caught • Taken to countryside to survive on their own. If they survived, they were men….if not, they were dead • Often young men would train under an older soldier, about 18. When he was 30, he would marry and his trainee would become a trainer • A man who dies in battle and woman who died in childbirth were the only ones with their names on a gravestone – because both died contributing to the state! • MARRIAGE: • Man would kidnap the bride and run off with her. Pulling her by her hair. The family would then cut her hair short and then make her wear man’s sandals. • Her #1 job – produce strong male men for the army!

  20. Peloponnesian League • “Spartan Alliance” • Included all Peloponnese city-states except Argos and Achaea • Sparta was the most powerful • Loose defensive alliance • Only Sparta could create alliances within the league • Only Sparta could call the council together

  21. ATHENS • A lot of natural resources • Population was Ionian – mainland Greece • 8th-7th century BC • Leader called an Archon, leader for 10 years • Later, 9 Archons – only served for one year • Mostly judged legal cases • Elected by assembly which was made up of all adult citizens • Became wealthy through trade with other poleis • Cylon’s Story: • 632 B.C. • Athenian citizen, hero of Olympic games • Oracle at Delphi – go to Athens during the festival of Zeus and seize power • People of Athens trapped him in the temple of Athena on the Acropolis • Alcmaeonids killed him and then they were banished

  22. ATHENS • Rich were getting richer, poor getting poorer • Poor are complaining for laws, Draco was told to write down the laws • All laws had a punishment of death! • Overly harsh punishments are called “Draconian” today • While the punishments were harsh, laws were finally written down

  23. Solon • 594 B.C. – began to reform Athenian politics • Athenian farmers and their families were becoming enslaved • Solon was given complete power • Cancelled most of Draco’s punishments • Cancelled all farmers’ debts • Increased trade • Allowed people from outside Attica to become citizens! • This was unprecedented at the time! • Solon left after ten years, there was no clear ruler and no one was archon. • This was known as the anarchia – “anarchy”

  24. Reforms of Cleisthenes • 508 B.C. – becomes leader of Athens • Part of the Alcmaeonid clan that was exiled • Gives power back to the people • Separated the tribes, and gave them leaders • This created a truly local government • Council of 500 – 50 from each tribe (10 tribes) • This led to the formation of militias and reverence to the city-state • Invented ostracism – write a name on an ostrakon and “winner” had to leave city for ten years • This was the groundwork for the democratic revolution of 461 B.C.!

  25. Literature and Culture in Archaic Hellas

  26. Literature • 700 B.C. – Hesiod composed Theogony • Traces the genealogy of the gods from Mt. Olympus • Works and Days – a didactic poem • Laid out rules for a small farmer, important source of social and economic history of the Archaic period • Lyric poetry • Used different types of meters • Sung by an individual or danced by a chorus • Performed to music, about war and politics, myth and gods, love and sex, athletics • Stories of love often focused on older men and younger boys or girls

  27. Sculpture • Kouroi - Large scale nude sculptures that were extremely important to Greece • Found on gravesites or near temples as dedications to the gods • Always looked very similar • Represent the idealized Greek warrior or athlete and the standard of homoerotic beauty

  28. Sculpture • Korai – freestanding sculptures portraying young girls • Clothed, sometimes holding an identifying object

  29. Architecture • Stone temples were common in cities • Religious center, focus for festival and cohesion for the city. • Housed the god’s cult-statue • Image of the god that occupied the main interior room • Doric and Ionic architectural styles were popular. Doric is the simpler of the two

  30. Philosophy • Philosophy – love of wisdom • Investigating nature in a new way • Thought in abstract ways • Begins in Miletus, in Ionia. • Perhaps the influence of Mesopotamia • Thales of Miletus believed that water is the fundamental element from which the universe was created

  31. Pythagoras • 530 B.C. – lived in Croton, Italy • Metempsychosis – the transfer of a soul to another body after death • Pythagorean Theorum • Discoveries in geometry, number theory and music were probably made by his followers…

  32. PERSIAN WARS

  33. Persian Empire • 5th century • Largest in world history • Located NE of the Persian Gulf • Cyrus II (The Great) 559-530 B.C. • His grandson Darius expanded into Thrace and some Aegean islands • The local govts. Were organized into provinces and their governors were satraps

  34. Persian Wars • INTERACTIVE TIMELINE • Persia put down rebellions in ionia • The Ionians had even burned down the Persian city of Sardis • Athens supports their uprisings • Persia is threatening war on all of Greece • Darius send messengers to Sparta and Athens to ask for their surrender and both cities decapitate the messengers. This was an act of war! • The Persians begin their invasion, travel west across the Aegean and land in Marathon • Marathon offered them pasture, fresh water, room for their cavalry and was nostalgic for their leader, Hippias

  35. Battle of Marathon • Athens asked Sparta for help, but they were on religious holiday • About 10,000 Athenian soldiers, outnumbered 2:1 • Miltiades decided they would only fight under favorable conditions • The Persians also had a cavalry and archers, whereas the Greeks just had Hoplites • 9.17.490 B.C. - Miltiades notices the cavalry is gone and makes his move! • Greeks win in a massacre, 6200 Persians die, 192 Greeks! • The Athenians then march all night back to Athens to protect the city

  36. Story of Pheidippides • Runs to Sparta to ask for help when the Persian land • 150 miles! • Runs from Marathon to Athens to bring news of the victory! • How far is this? • He collapses and dies once he reaches Athens

  37. MARATHON • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D54Hl3O6x4k • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofmUE9GvzvA

  38. Interbellum • 490-480 B.C. • 486 B.C. – Revolt in Egypt, Darius dies preparing for the revolt • His son Xerxes takes over, prepares for four years to invade Greece • Persian Forces – 2.5 Million (probably 300,000)…….1,200 ships • 489 B.C. – Miltiades dies, Themistocles takes over Athenian forces

  39. March across Hellespont • Walk ”across water” or around the Black Sea • This would add two years to their march along with conquering other groups of people • Anchors ships with boulders • Tethered them together • Then they nail wooden planks across the ships • Approx. 647 ships were used!

  40. Athenian Navy • Themistocles knows that the Persians need a strong navy to support their land forces • Themistocles built up the Athenian Navy - huge amounts of silver found in Lorenium, it ends up being put towards the Athenian navy • Greek Trireme – built for speed • Goal is to ram the other ship or knock off all of its oars • 170-220 oarsman, three banks of oars ,one above the other • Had a brass or copper point to ram other ships

  41. Battle of Thermopylae – 480 B.C. • Day 1: • Xerxes tries to negotiate with Leonidas • “Be prepared to die, our arrows will block out the sun”, “Then we shall have our battle in the shade” • only 200 yards wide at its widest point • 7000 total Greek soldiers; 300 Spartans elites – • Persians outnumber Greeks 50:1 • Leonidas leads the forces • Artemesium strait - 220 Greek warships, led by Themistocles • Begins with an arrow attack – does little damage • After the first day of battle, Persians lose about 10,000 light infantry

  42. Day 2: Naval Encounters • Persian fleet outnumbers the Greeks 6:1 • Attacked in the evening, surprising the Persians • 200 Persian ships are destroyed that night in a storm

  43. Battle of Thermopylae – 480 B.C. • Day 2: • about 10,000 immortals are sent in • assumption was that this will end the fighting • Called “immortals” because when one man retired or died, he was immediately replaced by another • Spartans destroy the immortal forces, have far superior armor and weaponry

  44. Battle of Thermopylae – 480 B.C. • Day 3: • Xerxes finds out about a pass through the mountains, Leonidas has 1000 Phocians guarding the pass, but they desert to defend their homes • Approximately 10,000 men pass through • 1000 Thespians, 300 Spartans stay • Why did they do this? • fulfilling the prophets of the oracle. The sacrifice is about preserving Sparta. He believes he has to do it. • Xerxes wins the battle, marches on Athens and burns it to the ground • Very symbolic • Greeks are now creating some type of Greek identity as opposed to being a collection of city-states

  45. Photos of Thermopylae • http://edsitement.neh.gov/edsitements-persian-wars-resource-pages#ThermoArtemis

  46. Battle of Salamis – 479 B.C. • Greeks – 371 ships • Persians – 1200 ships • Had probably 800-900 left • Themistocles tricked the Persians • They entered the strait of Salamis • Their ships were too big and they were crushed • The Greek ships were much smaller and more mobile. Because of the tight area, the Persians could not organize themselves effectively. • d

  47. Battle of Plataea – 479 B.C. • Xerxes had fled Greece and left satrap Mardonius to fight • Greeks – approx. 100,000 soldiers • Persians – approx. 140,000 • Mardonius was killed during a cavalry charge and the Persians were eventually defeated • Although this is the last main battle of the Persian Wars, the Athenians continued to fight the Persians until 449 B.C.!

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