Chapters 9 and 10

1. Chapters 9 and 10 Respiration and Photosynthesis

2. Metabolism • Catabolism Exergonic • Anabolism Endergonic

3. ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate • Energy Currency • Couples catabolic and anabolic reactions • Phosphorylation • Substrate-level phosphorylation • Oxidative phosphorylation • Photophosphorylation

4. Substrate-level phosphorylation

5. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Lose Electrons…Oxidize “LEO” • Gain Electrons…Reduce “GER”

6. Methane combustion as an energy-yielding redox reaction

7. NAD Electron Carriers • NAD+ often serves as an electron carrier in oxidation reactions • REDUCED to NADH + H+ (NADH2) • Must pass on the electrons to another molecule (be oxidized) and be available as a carrier again

8. CELLULAR RESPIRATION

9. Energy Production from Glucose • Complete oxidation (Respiration) Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water • Partial oxidation (Fermentation) Glucose  Variety of endproducts possible

10. An overview of cellular respiration (Layer 1)

11. An overview of cellular respiration (Layer 2)

12. An overview of cellular respiration (Layer 3)

13. GLYCOLYSIS • Sugar-Splitting • 1 Glucose (6 carbons)  2 pyruvates (3 carbons)

14. The energy input and output of glycolysis

15. A closer look at glycolysis: energy investment phase (Layer 1)

16. A closer look at glycolysis: energy investment phase (Layer 2)

17. A closer look at glycolysis: energy payoff phase (Layer 3)

18. A closer look at glycolysis: energy payoff phase (Layer 4)

19. Glycolysis video

20. Pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism

21. Fermentation • Can occur in the Absence of Oxygen • NADH is reoxidized by handing off electrons to pyruvate or a derivative of pyruvate • Various endproducts possible (ethanol - lactic acid - etc.) • Most of the energy of the glucose molecule is STILL trapped in the endproducts

22. Fermentation

23. Alcohol Fermentation video

24. Fermentation

25. Lactic Acid fermentation video

26. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the junction between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

27. A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 1)

28. A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 2)

29. A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 3)

30. A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 4)

31. A summary of the Krebs cycle

32. Krebs Cycle video

33. Free-energy change during electron transport

34. Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis

35. ATP synthase, a molecular mill

36. Electron Transport System video

37. Review: how each molecule of glucose yields many ATP molecules during cellular respiration

38. Non-Carbohydrate Energy/Carbon Sources • LIPIDS Lipases split lipids into: Glycerol (enters cycle at 3PGAL step of glycolysis) Fatty acids (disassembled 2 carbons at a time to enter the Krebs cycle at Acetyl-CoA step)

39. Non-Carbohydrate Energy/Carbon Sources • Proteins Proteases release amino acids which are converted to glycolytic and Krebs Cycle intermediates.

40. The catabolism of various food molecules

41. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

42. Sunbeams

43. HETEROTROPHS • Acquire organic materials from compounds produced by other organisms • Unable to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic raw materials • Consumers

44. AUTOTROPHS • Synthesize organic molecules from inorganic raw materials • Photoautotrophs (Energy to synthesize from sunlight) • Chemoautotrophs (Energy to synthesize from oxidation of inorganic substances) • Producers

45. Photoautotrophs

46. Focusing in on the location of photosynthesis in a plant

47. Photosynthesis • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6 H12O6 + 6 O2 Plants give off oxygen. Does it come from the carbon dioxide or the water???

48. Tracking atoms through photosynthesis

49. An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle (Layer 1)

50. An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle (Layer 2)