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The Reformation

The Reformation. Division in the Catholic Church. Heresy in the Renaissance. John Wyclif : English Believed that papal authority was corrupt Claimed Bible as sole authority Translated the Bible into the vernacular Creation of the Lollards John Hus: Czech

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The Reformation

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  1. The Reformation Division in the Catholic Church

  2. Heresy in the Renaissance • John Wyclif: English • Believed that papal authority was corrupt • Claimed Bible as sole authority • Translated the Bible into the vernacular • Creation of the Lollards • John Hus: Czech • Attacked worldliness of the papacy • Council of Constance in 1415 burned at the stake even though he promised safety

  3. Catholicism in the renaissance • Sacrosancta: a general council of the church had authority • Frequens: The general council would meet regularly • Popes ignored council and claimed sole leadership • Julius II :Warrior Pope • Nepotism: Calling family lines into the papacy • “worldly” helped fuel the renaissance movement • Led to distrust of the church along with Great Schism

  4. Martin Luther History • Lightning storm converts Luther • Practice of Indulgences leads to 95 Theses • Johann Tetzel “as soon as the coin in the coffer rings the soul from purgatory springs” • Diet of Worms called by Charles V • Quote 379

  5. Martin Luther History cont. • Luther goes into hiding with the help of some nobles • Translates the Bible into the vernacular which spreads thanks to Guttenberg Press • Peasants war: Peasants revolt during the confusion of the Reformation but Luther says “smite, slay and stab” the peasants • Needed support of the nobles

  6. Martin Luther Doctrine • Justification of Faith • De-emphasis on works (sacraments/ordinances) • Baptism kept • Lords Supper altered • Authority of the Church found through the Bible • Denounces clerical celibacy • Priesthood of all believers • Mass with song (any preach)

  7. Zwinglian Reform • Swiss: Ulrich Zwingli cut up, burned, spread around • State supervises the church • Whitewashed the churches and made plain • No images (veneration of saints) • Mass replaced with scripture reading and prayer • No music • Lords supper simply symbolic of sacrifice

  8. Anabaptists doctrine • Adult baptism so that individuals can choose • Strict democracy of leadership (voted on a minister) • Resort to simple Christian life • Separation of church and state • Lords Supper in remembrance • Did not participate in politics/army • Different groups • In northern Germany John Leiden makes militant millenarians • Mennonites after Menno more traditional like Amish

  9. King Henry VIII History • King married to Catherine of Aragon • Needs a male heir • Girlfriend Ann Boleyn • Sends Cardinal Wolsey to Pope Clement VII but denied annulment • Charles V (nephew of Catherine) controlled the papacy as king of Spain and Holy Roman empire • Solution make a church

  10. Anglican Doctrine • King declares himself “defender of the faith” (Act of Supremacy) • Boleyn has a baby girl (Elizabeth) • Treason Act: Have to be Anglican • Book of common prayer • Similar to Catholicism for most part

  11. Calvinism Doctrine • Intellectual reformer • Salvation through Grace • Predestination • Elects • Last Supper like Luther • Baptism as a symbol • Created Geneva • The Consistory kept people in check • Inspired John Knox in Scotland (Presbyterian)

  12. Northern Humanists • Desiderious Erasmus: • Use Christianity as a “guiding philosophy for daily life rather than the system of dogmatic beliefs” . . . ? • Inner-piety and de-emphasis on works • Praise and Folly doc. • Education of Christian doc could restore society • Thomas More: • Writes the Utopia and the origins of socialism

  13. Catholics strike back • Ignatius Loyola: • Saved from a deadly battle wound devotes life to Catholic Church • Creates the “Society of Jesus” • Jesuit missionaries purpose 1) Study 2)Spread gospel 3)fight Protestantism • Council of Trent 1542 • Officially begins the Counter Reformation • Council of the papacy to • Accept Jesuit order • Prove Catholicism • Disprove Protestantism

  14. Politics during the Reformation • France: Valois kings (Francis I) gains assistance by Pope but Italy is sacked by Charles V • Ottoman empire: under Suleiman the Magnificent takes Balkans, North Africa and Constantinople

  15. Charles V tries to Unite • Charles V: One of the Habsburg heirs. Controlled HRE, Spain, Italy and repulsed the Ottomans • Constantly trying to do too much • SchmalkaldicLeague (Lutherans) + Catholic French king Henry II • Habsburg-Valois Wars • Peace of Augsburg 1555 and retires • Claims that Protestants and Catholics held equal legal standing and ruler of HRE could determine the religion of the state

  16. Problems in France • Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre: pic 400 • Supposed to have a wedding between Navarre and Valois King Charles IX • Henry of Guise tells King to take out Huguenots • 3 days 3000 Huguenots killed but Henry Navarre survives • Henry of Guise gets Spain to help him take throne • “Holy League” forms to assist a “true” Catholic

  17. Three Henrys and Nantes • Henry III (king), Henry duke of Guise (super Catholic), and Henry of Navarre (Flip flopper) all duke it out in the Battle of Three Henries in 1588-89 • Henry III assassinates Henry of Guise and gets help from Henry of Navarre to crush “Holy Catholic League” • Angered Monk kills Henry III for using a protestant • Henry of Navarre made new king but flips to Catholicism as a polotique • Edict of Nantes: Grants freedom of religion in France 1598

  18. Philip II replaces Charles V • Philip “the most Catholic King” • Tried to do too much. . . Like his dad • “if God used the Escorial to deliver my death sentence I would be immortal” • Constantly at war which crushed his economy • Muslims in Mediterranean, Dutch “sea beggars”, William of Orange and Union of Utrecht form Dutch Republic, Queen Elizabeth • Involvement in Americas and gain of Silver/Gold causes inflation

  19. Queen Elizabeth and Religion • After Bloody Mary dies in 1558 Elizabeth is made queen • A politique, she keeps England protestant but mild and more accepting • Act of Supremacy

  20. Elizabeth and her enemies • Mary Queen of Scotts (catholic cousin) tries to kill Elizabeth a few times so is beheaded • Puritans: Calvinist Anglicans. . . Eventually leave for America • Spain: Sir Francis Drake of England plundered Spanish ships. • Aids the Netherlands so Philip steps in • Spanish Armada crushed by England

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