POPULATION

1. Chapter 2 POPULATION H. J. deBlij

2. Where in the World Do People Live and Why? • Arithmetic population density: Measure of total population relative to land area

3. Where in the World Do People Live and Why? • Arithmetic population density: Measure of total population relative to land area

4. Physiologic population density: Population per unit area of agriculturally productive land (takes this map into account)

5. Physiologic population density: Population per unit area of agriculturally productive land (takes this map into account)

6. Population distribution Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live D On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people

7. Population distribution Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live C A B On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people

8. Major World Population Clusters A. East Asia: ¼ of world population B. South Asia: Bound by the Himalayas to the north and a desert in Pakistan C. Europe: Population concentrated in cities D. North America: Megalopolis

9. Why Do Populations Rise or Fall in Particular Places? • Thomas Malthus • An Essay on the Principles of Population (1798) • Population growing exponentially • Food supplies growing linearly • What happened? • Expansion of food supply sources (globalization) • Increase in agricultural productivity (exponentially)

10. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) The average number of children per woman TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1

11. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) • The average number of children per woman • TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1

12. Rate of Natural Increase • Difference between births and deaths • Does not include immigration and emigration

13. Rate of Natural Increase Difference between births and deaths Does not include immigration and emigration

14. Doubling Time • Number of years for a population to double in size (like a bank deposit at compound interest) • Decreased doubling time (rapid growth), then increased doubling time (growth slowed down) Doubling time = 54 years Doubling time = 45 years

15. Population Growth in India Significant demographic variations within countries: Higher growth rates in northeastern India, lower rates in southeastern India

16. Population in India • 1950s: Population planning program • 1960s: National population planning program • 1970s: Beginning of forced sterilization program for men with 3 or more children; 22.5 million men sterilized • 2004: Beginning of guns-for-sterilization program in Uttar Pradesh • Today: Use of advertising and persuasion to lower birth rates in most states

17. World Birth Rates Number of births in a year per 1,000 people

18. World Birth Rates Number of births in a year per 1,000 people

19. World Death (Mortality) Rates Number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people

20. World Death (Mortality) Rates Number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people

21. The Demographic Transition • Changes in birth, death, and natural increase rates • Decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, resulting in a low or stable growth rate

22. The Demographic Transition

23. Why Does Population Composition Matter? • Components of population composition • Gender distribution • Age distribution • Population pyramid: Graphic depiction of population by percentage in each age group, divided by gender

24. Population Pyramids for Poor Countries • High infant mortality • Short life expectancy • Rapid population growth

25. Population Pyramids for Wealthy Countries • Low infant mortality • Long life expectancy, especially for females • Little or no growth, even natural decrease

26. World Infant Mortality Deaths of babies less than one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a year

27. World Infant Mortality Deaths of babies less than one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a year

28. Infant Mortality in the United States

29. World Life Expectancy Number of years a person born now can expect to live

30. World Life Expectancy Number of years a person born now can expect to live

31. Mother’s Index • Based on 10 barometers of well-being among mothers and children • Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare

32. Mother’s Index Based on 10 barometers of well-being among mothers and children Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare

33. Diseases • Sources of diseases • Infectious diseases: Spread from person to person • Vectored: Spread through intermediary, such as an insect • Nonvectored: Spread directly from person to person • Chronic or degenerative diseases: Diseases of old age • Genetic or inherited diseases: Passed through genes • Spread of diseases • Endemic: Present in small area • Epidemic: Spreads over large region • Pandemic: Spreads worldwide

34. Causes of Death in the United States • Chronic diseases reflecting longer life expectances • Decline in deaths from infectious diseases

35. HIV/AIDS • Became worldwide concern in 1980s (but probably present in Africa before then) • Infection long before symptoms appear • Social stigma • Many deaths among young adults Effect of AIDS on population structure of South Africa

36. Drawing by a Pokot boy in Kenya, showing him working in the fields and caring for cattle to assist sick family members AIDS Impact on Children Sparrow Rainbow Village, a hospice for child AIDS patients near Johannesburg, South Africa

37. How Do Governments Affect Population Change? • Expansive population policies • Anti-capitalist ideologies (e.g., Maoist China, Soviet Union) • Combating declining birth rates, aging populations (e.g., Europe) • Eugenic population policies (e.g., Nazi Germany) • Restrictive population policies

38. The Case of China

39. The Case of China

40. The Case of China