Population

1. Population

2. Study Figures 9a–9d which show photographs of four different settlement areas. Figure 9a Inner city Figure 9b Suburban area

3. Figure 9c Rural-urban fringe area Figure 9d Rural settlement Choose two areas shown in Figures 9a – 9d. Using only the photographs, contrast the characteristics of the two settlement areas chosen. 4 marks

4. There is a need to make clear contrasts between the two areas chosen. Individual description awarded up to 2 marks only. Reference may be made to any (housing) characteristics such as age, type, size (qualified), number of storeys, specific features such as type of windows, building materials, garages, gardens, drives, environment immediately adjacent to houses, etc. Features described must be visible in Figure 9. Clear, explicit contrasts supported by evidence can attract 1 + 1 mark. 4 x 1/1 + 1 x 2

5. Suggest reasons for the contrasts described in the previous question. 4 marks Suggested reasons are likely to relate to contrasting time periods, areas where built and the impact of this e.g. inner area houses did not have gardens due to lack of leisure time, builders sought to build at high density to make more money; or relate to those for whom the houses were built – likely jobs the residents have and level of wealth, first time buyers or families, role of local authorities – leading to improvements in housing versus private developers building new houses; changes that may have taken place – such as splitting up/renting out terraces in inner-city areas and use of village areas by commuters, or the amount of land available and cost of land. 4 x 1/1 + 1 x 2

6. Define 'infant mortality rate'. 2 marks Infant mortality is the number of deaths under the age of 1/ per 1000 live births per year. Study Figure 10 which shows selected population indicators for countries at different stages of development. Comment on the varying rates of natural change shown in Figure 10. 5 marks

7. Natural population change clearly varies – it is, with one exception – Russia – positive. Rates vary – being highest – over 2 in African country of Nigeria. Lowest rates occur in richest area of UK with China being the exception in this context. Generally, areas with low infant mortality rates have low increases or a decrease – UK and Russia. China is an exception with a natural increase of 0.5 but an infant mortality rate over 20. Countries with high rates of increase generally have high rates of infant mortality – Nigeria and India. This suggests a higher rate of births where there are higher numbers of infant deaths. Comment should refer to possible links to other data items, reasons or an assessment of extent of variation, implementation of population policies. Level 1 (Basic) 1-3 marks Describes information shown in table. Refers to individual countries. May be general and random. Will emphasise natural change. Comment, if present, will be tentative. Level 2 (Clear) 4-5 marks Description of rates of population change is clear and supported by evidence. Considers in the light of other information – such as births, deaths, imr or notes of anomalies. Clear, explicit comment.

8. Study Figure 5 which shows information for four different areas of settlement in four wards of Leeds Metropolitan District in 2008/2009. Choose two of the settlement areas shown in Figure 5. Using Figure 5 only, contrast the characteristics of the two areas that you have chosen. 4 marks

9. Response will depend on two settlement areas selected. 1 mark for recognising area which is poorer/richer. There must be contrast drawn out for 3 or 4 marks. Separate description or implicit contrasts are worthy of maximum 2. Up to 2 marks for use of data to support contrasts – not just ‘lifting’ figures. 1 per basic point; 1+1 per developed point; any combination. For example, Burmantofts and Moortown – Burmantofts is clearly the poorer of the two. There are more than two and a half times more people claiming council benefits in Burmantofts than Moortown. This is borne out in the unemployed proportion with almost 4 times the percentage in Burmantofts than Moortown.

10. For two areas of settlement that you have studied, describe how the provision of services is different. 5 marks Response will depend on two settlement areas selected. Services should be broadly interpreted – to include shops, health, schools, leisure, open space, transport, police and basic infrastructure such as water, electricity. There is no requirement to describe all these, but two categories are needed at least. There should be reference to case studies to draw out contrasts between the two areas selected. Any two settlement areas are permissible. May look at poorer areas, two different areas of inner city. Level 1 (Basic) 1-3 marks Identifies services present, probably in a random way or a limited range. Statements are separate. General statements that fit the settlement area(s) chosen. Describes services in one area only. Limited use of geographical terminology. Level 2 (Clear) 4-5 marks Types of services are clearly described – a fuller picture. Differences are drawn out. There is clear reference to two settlement areas – balanced at top end. Appropriate terminology is used.

11. Study Figure 6 which is a newspaper extract dated 28 August 2009, about population change in the United Kingdom. Using Figure 6, describe and comment on the causes of recent population change in the United Kingdom. 6 marks

12. There should be recognition of the role of immigration, natural increase and the fact that these two are clearly interlinked. Reference may also be made to reasons for higher levels of births. Reference therefore is likely to be made to the increasing numbers due to natural increase in 2009, whereas for 10 years before the increase was due to immigration – and reflective of the age structure of migrants. Numbers coming in still result in an increase overall – without them population would fall. Births have increased amongst British born women and immigrants – possibly due to better conditions for maternity leave, tax credits. Comment may note the change over time, the links between the two components and the underlying reasons for increased births such as increased maternity leave. Level 1 (Basic) 1-4 marks Describes information in Figure 6 regarding cause – sees separately. Limited use of newspaper extract – lifts relevant parts at lower end. Some use of appropriate terminology. Tentative / implicit comment may be present. Level 2 (Clear) 5-6 marks Response targets question – both command words addressed. Effective use of newspaper extract. Aware of causes and links between them. Clear, relevant comment. Appropriate terminology used.

13. Study Figure 9 which shows population density in China. Describe the pattern shown in Figure 9. 3 marks

14. There should be recognition of uneven pattern / variation in density. Basic idea of high on coast low inland is worth 1 mark. Areas of highest density – above 700 per square km are exclusively on the east coast. There is a general reduction westwards. However, there is a band inland from the coast that is marked by relatively high densities – between 300-700, including provinces on Henan and Hunan. Some of the eastern coastal areas are relatively low – between 100 and 299 – these form a clear area in the east, south of Shanghai. The lowest densities are without exception to the north and west. Allow 1 for evidence – maybe number or place to support point made. 3×1.

15. Explain why the population density of an area may change over time. 5 marks The question refers specifically to density, so responses relating to population structure are not relevant. Answers likely to consider natural change resulting from relationship between births and deaths – so that a surplus of births over deaths will result in an increase. Migration change is also relevant – and the relationship between levels of people moving in and those moving out to determine net gain or loss. The underlying reasons for changes in the death, birth and migration rates could also form a legitimate part of an answer. There may be reference to change within an area and reference to a case study. Level 1 (1-3 marks) Identifies components of population change. Statements are separate. Emphasis is likely to be on one component. Level 2 (4-5 marks) The contribution of individual component(s) to changes in population density is clear. Links are made and sequence of events is clear. Appropriate terminology is used.

16. Study Figures 10a and 10b which show China's population structure in 2000 and 2050 (projected). China introduced a population control policy in 1979. To what extent do Figures 10a and 10b suggest that China's population policy will allow sustainable development? 7 marks

17. Sustainability in the context of development may be viewed with reference to either economic and/or environmental implications. There is evidence that can be used in support of sustainable development as the narrowing of the pyramid shows that the young dependent population is reducing. This indicates a slowing of growth rates and population of more manageable levels. This would reflect in a possible reduced demand for resources or a more feasible level of growth to ensure appropriate living standards without putting as much pressure on the environment. In the 2000 pyramid the size of the independent sector is large and the pyramid tapers to the top, suggesting the fact that the population can support itself. However, when the 2050 projection is also considered, it becomes apparent that the population is ageing and the pyramid becomes top heavy. There are implications relating to sustainability here as there is a reducing number of people in the independent sector and children – so there is a long term issue for sustainable development due to the demands of the elderly and a high dependency ratio at this end – perhaps with an inadequate number of children. There may be reference to own knowledge also which may refer to China, but need not do so. It is also permissible to look at pronatalistpolicies and those relating to migration in the evaluation of the information in the pyramid. Level 1 (1-4 marks) Describes population pyramids – refers to changes. May refer to own knowledge of population policies. Sustainable development defined/described. Level 2 (5-7 marks) Response targets question. Different components are linked so that information in pyramids is used to assess whether sustainable development is facilitated. Own knowledge may also be present and is used to make points relating to sustainability. Comes to a view on to what extent.

18. Figure 6 shows population migration change in countries in the European Union (EU) between 2004 and 2005. Describe the pattern shown in Figure 6. 4 marks

19. Only areas of decline are in eastern Baltic/ countries that have joined since 2004 (1) states of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Poland - there is a clear cluster here (1) for recognition of this. There is a band of countries going n.w. to s.e. from Denmark to Hungary where there is a cluster of countries experiencing relatively low gains - approx 0.5 - 2‰ (1). Some in this area are relatively high e.g. Czech Republic (1). Many western European countries have significant increases - the highest being on the edges - Ireland, Italy and Spain (1). Portugal is relatively low in contrast (1). Southern Europe is relatively high - Spain, Italy and Cyprus have the highest figures (1). Greece is relatively low in this region. The countries joining in 2004 tend to have lower rates of migration change (1) and indeed half experience a loss of population (1). Malta and Cyprus may be viewed as exceptions to this (1). The above offer possible responses relating to pattern. Recognition of exceptions is valid. Credit any valid point that relates to pattern. 4 x 1

20. Suggest reasons for this pattern. 5 marks Areas of net migration gain result of - pull factors - attractions of these countries with regard to jobs, housing prospects, e.g. UK, Belgium, Italy. Some countries may seek to recruit foreign workers to supplement their workforce. Some may gain due to proximity to those who appear to be supplying migrants - e.g. Austria, Czech Republic. Areas gaining in southern Europe such as Spain, Malta and Cyprus could be the result of retirement migration due to good weather. France has relatively low gain due to migration in contrast to surrounding countries. This may be due to government policy. Areas of greatest migration loss likely to be result of push factors - such as high unemployment; relatively poor economic areas by European standards. Level 1 (1-3 marks) Reasons that are suggested are general. Likely to explain only a limited number of reasons.. Level 2 (4-5 marks) Reasons clearly relate to pattern described/Figure 6. Explanation refers to a variety of reasons.. Will seek to explain exceptions.

21. Figure 7a shows the population structure of the UK in 2001, whilst Figure 7b shows the age of registered Eastern European workers in the UK in June 2006. Describe the population structure shown in Figure 7a and outline the likely impact of the Eastern European workers registered in the UK on this population structure. 6 marks

22. Present population structure - contracting population. Approximately 20% of males are under the age of 15 and 18% of females. People in their 30’s are the single most important age group. There is a large elderly population as the pyramid is high and wide - with approximately 22% of women over the age of 60 and 19% of men. The ageing dependent is slightly larger than the young dependent sector. It is likely to increase, given the width of the bars for the intermediate age groups. The registered eastern European workers are mainly in the age groups between 18 and 34. Numbers then drop rapidly by approximately 120 000 to the next category. Less than 4000 are in the oldest group. Thus, this cohort will have the effect of increasing the importance of the independent population and reduce the relative proportion of elderly. It is likely that there will be an impact on natural increase as the age selective migration is likely to result in an increase in births and thus, the population structure will show significant change. Level 1 (1-4 marks) Describes present structure generally and randomly - piecemeal; picks out single age groups. Describes the age structure of registered workers. Accounts are separate; tentative/implicit links. Level 2 (5-6 marks) Description is clear and supported by evidence – overview of structure. The impact of the workers on the present age structure is clear. Links are clearly made between the two components and appropriate terminology is used. d describe o outline

23. Distinguish between birth rate and fertility rate. 4 marks Birth rate refers to the number of (live) births per 1000 per year (1). Fertility rate is the number of (live) births per 1000 women per year (1) aged 15 – 49 (1). It can also be defined as the number of children born on average by each woman (1), so that 2.1 would reflect the replacement rate (1). The differences relate to the group of people involved – the birth rate refers to the whole population (1), whilst the fertility rate refers to the female component only (1) and in its most specific sense is an age specific rate relating to those of child-bearing age (1). Allow up to 3 marks for definitions and 3 marks for establishing the differences. An explicit comment is needed on distinction of 4. 4 x 1

24. Study Figure 8 which gives information on infant mortality rate and GDP per capita for selected countries in 2005. Outline the usefulness of infant mortality rate as an indicator of development. 4 marks

25. Infant mortality is the number of deaths under 1 (per 1000 live births per year) (1). It reflects the deaths in one of the most vulnerable age groups (1); those who are most susceptible to die from famine, as a result of floods, earthquakes, epidemics (1). It implies much about levels of development and standard of living (1) regarding access to clean water (1), medical care/hospitals/doctors/ vaccines/drugs (1). High levels are often responsible for high levels of births to ensure the survival of most of family (1). Responses may be generic or evaluate with specific reference to data; extent of correlation may be considered or its usefulness may be questioned. 4 x 1

26. Study Figure 9 which shows average life expectancy by country in 2007. Describe and suggest reasons for the pattern shown in Figure 9. 7 marks

27. Highest life expectancy – 77+ - is found in Japan, Australia and western Europe USA and part of southern South America -74+. Lowest life expectancy occurs in much of sub-Saharan Africa where it is below 50. It reaches 41 in significant area. Apart from the countries along the Mediterranean, life expectancy is below 64. Much of Asia is 58+ although China and parts of Malaysia, Thailand have higher levels at 69+. Reasons relate to levels of development – with generally the more developed areas having higher life expectancy. However, this is not always the case – China as an emerging world power and NIC has life expectancy of 69+, whilst the ageing population in some areas may reduce the figures, so too may lifestyle. Lowest life expectancy in Africa can be linked to the prevalence of AIDS. Generally, access to appropriate food sources, medical care etc. will explain the differences in levels globally. Level 1 (1 – 4 marks) Describes the pattern generally and randomly. Begins to explain. Emphasis is likely to be on one component. Level 2 (5 – 7 marks) Description of pattern is clear (fuller, more detailed) and supported by evidence. May identify exceptions. A balanced account where explanation is clearly addressed. Appropriate terminology is used.

28. Study the figure which shows a partly completed diagram of the demographic transition model Complete the figure by adding appropriate labels to the diagram. 4 marks

29. For labelling axes – birth and death rate (per 000 per year) – (1); for total population/size of population and time (1). For correctly labelling birth rate line, death rate line and total population (1). In addition, the stages should be labelled by name not number i.e. High stationary, Early expanding, Late expanding, Low stationary, zero or declining population – (1 per 2 correct stages) Vertical lines marking stages are valid (1 per 2 correct stages) (must extend from top to bottom) and aspects such as natural increase/decrease could also be named (not just change) (1). 4x1

30. Study figure 6 which shows birth rates, death rates and total population for Malaysia from 1960 to 2007. To what extent does Malaysia fit the DTM for the time period shown on figure 6. 6 marks

31. Malaysia appears to have been in stage 2 in 1960 as there was a significant gap between the births and deaths that continues until 1980/1990. Growth was at its highest in 1980 at 3.1%. The birth rate falls slightly by 1990, but the rate of population growth slows only slightly as the death rate also falls – 2.6%. However, the trend of falling birth rate is maintained and there is a greater fall by 2000 that continues until 2007. A corresponding slower fall in the death rates means that rate of natural increase falls to below 2 at 1.7%. There is clearly a change in stage and Malaysia has now reached stage 3. Projecting current trends would suggest that stage 4 will ultimately be reached, although the speed at which the birth rate has fallen has reduced in the last seven years. Total population reflects changes in birth and death rate with increase slowing down in current century, suggesting progression through stage 3 and a move towadsstage 4. Level 1 (1-4 marks) Describes the changes in birth and death rate and/or total population. Tentative link to dtm – recognises stage(s) Malaysia has gone through. May be single stage only, or be disjointed. May be some ‘to what extent’ – partially correct. Level 2 (5-6 marks) Clear purposeful description linked to model. Has overview of changes / stages – possibly 2 present and others not yet gone through. Evidence in support. Appropriate assessment of ‘to what extent’ using evidence.

32. Describe how the population structure of a country in stage 2 of the DTM is different from that of a country in stage 4. 5 marks NB. BR/DR/Total population are not relevant. Country in stage 2 will have a broad base, whereas in stage 4 this will be much narrower. In stage 2, it will taper rapidly towards the top, whilst in stage 4, the pyramid will be a similar width throughout and wider at the top than the stage 2 counterpart. The overall shape of the stage 2 pyramid may be seen as an expanding/progressive pyramid, whilst that of the stage 4 will be stable/contracting with an indent at the base. Sketch pyramids may be used to illustrate answer. Description may relate to relative numbers / proportion of independent population and elderly dependants and young dependants instead of relating to pyramids. Level 1 (1-3 marks) Describes population structure – focus on young, independent and old. Separate accounts / simple contrasts possibly present. Some use of relevant terms. Level 2 (4-5 marks) Description of structure is clear – for both stages 2 and 4. Clear contrasts are drawn out. Appropriate terminology is used.

33. Outline and comment on the economic and political consequences of population change. 15 marks Population change can be viewed as either an increase or a decline. It may result from natural or migration change. Change can also be viewed with regard to structure. Similarly, the impacts can be seen either positively or negatively. Actual responses will depend on exemplars considered and will be variable. Population increase - economic Unemployment; pressure on resources - food, housing, health, schools may be considered. There may be reference to the need to provide for an ageing or a young dependent population. Conversely, an increase in population may stimulate economic growth and lead to jobs being filled - possibly unwanted jobs or those demanding certain skills; more paid in taxes; rise in public spending. Population decrease - economic Stagnation of economy - loss of young migrants, less paid in taxes, loss of skills but some money sent back. Population increase – political Need to allocate resources – drain on these – may refer to need to increase food production, increase taxation to fund health care of elderly; need to introduce population policies regarding reducing birth rate or migration to compensate for an ageing population. Continued….

34. Population decrease - political Policies to encourage natural increase, immigration; to stem outflow of population, to develop resources - seek aid. Comment likely to refer to relative importance of economic and political impacts; whether effects are negative or positive or severity of one particular aspect; or perceived knock-on effects. A view will be expressed that can be supported by the evidence. Level 1 (1-6 marks) Describes economic and/or political consequences. There are not separated. Points made are simple and random. Level 2 (7-12 marks) Description is more specific and precise. Economic and political are both referred to, although an imbalance is permissible. Points are supported in places. Tentative/implicit comment. Level 3 (13-15 marks) Clear, purposeful description. Economic and political are both referred to - and type clearly stated. An organised account that is purposeful in responding to the question. Detailed response e.g. exemplification is used to support answers. Clear, explicit comment. e economic p political c comment

35. For any two of the following types of area, summarise the contrasts between them and explain the implications of these contrasts for social welfare: inner city suburban rural–urban fringe rural settlement. 15 marks Content will depend on two areas selected. Whatever the areas, contrasts should be expected on the following aspects – housing – characteristics, quality; ethnicity – origin of population; age structure of population; services present; wealth of population and type of jobs people do/level of employment. These aspects are given in specification, but other alternatives are permissible if appropriate and may be substitutes – spec uses term ‘such as’. The final aspect considers the implications for social welfare. This may also be integrated or candidates may choose to do this section separately. Here, there should be reference to how people’s well-being is affected by where they live and the general health/well-being of the community should be considered. Thus, links between location, quality of housing and health could be considered; quality of education and achievement – number of GCSE A* - C, extent to which the area is safe, extent to which there is access to appropriate services – shops, schools, medical centres, sports facilities, meeting places, etc. The response should summarise the contrasts – these should be integral and clearly drawn out. Continued….

36. Level 1 (1 – 6 marks) Describes the characteristics and/or social welfare of the two areas. These are separate. General statements – applicable to any area. Points made are simple and random. Level 2 (7 – 12 marks) Description is more specific and precise. Contrasts are drawn between the two areas (maybe implicit) and the summary is clear. Points are supported in places. Begins to make links to social welfare at top end. Level 3 (13 – 15 marks) Clear, explicit purposeful summary of contrasts (maybe integrated). An organised account that is purposeful in responding to the question. Exemplification is used to support answers – case studies are effectively used. Clear, explicit links to social welfare and contrasts between areas.

37. Comment on the impact of different population structures on the balance between population and resources. 15 marks Content will depend on areas selected. Likely to relate to contrasting countries (rich and poor), a country changing over time or different areas within a country or a combination of these. Whatever the areas, contrasts are likely to relate to an area where an ageing population is present and an area where a youthful population is present or an area that has seen change over time reflecting this (of DTM for UK) Internal contrasts are likely to draw out similar features. The importance of the independent groups may also form a valid response. These two contrasting population structures should then be discussed with regard to the demands placed by the population on limited resources – and how needs are met – and extent to which they are met. In areas with ageing population, reference to the need for healthcare – hospital beds – cost of hip replacements, dementia – looking after people in the community; the role of charitable organisations may be explored as may private healthcare, role of family; the need to provide – and the burden of state pension, the need for private pensions, equity in housing; the need to raise retirement age; increase taxes; the need for housing – residential homes for the elderly, sheltered accommodation, building of small houses on retirement parks. Continued….

38. In areas with a youthful population, reference to the need for healthcare for the young and antenatal care to reduce mortality, the need to provide education for a young population, the need for housing of appropriate quality for a growing population; the need for employment – adequate jobs for people; implications for future may be considered with growing numbers of elderly. There may be reference to areas with a large independent population that will act as a boost for areas in terms of investment, developing reserves or conversely may place a drain on them. It is possible to consider the concept of overpopulation with the expanding, young population in poorer areas. The ideas of Malthus, Boserupare potentially relevant as are population policies and migration. Continued….

39. Level 1 (1-6 marks) Describes the impacts of a young and/or old population. Describes balance between population and resources. These are separate. General statements – applicable to any area. Points made are simple and random. Level 2 (7-12 marks) Description of impacts is more specific and precise. Impacts of eg young and old population structures are clear. Points are supported in places. Begins to make links between population structure and the balance between population and resources. Some comment. Level 3 (13-15 marks) Clear, purposeful summary of impacts. An organised account that is purposeful in responding to the question. Exemplification is used to support answers – case studies are effectively used. Clear, explicit links between population structure and balance of population and resources. Clear, explicit, pertinent comment.

40. “For better and for worse?” Discuss how population change can affect the character of rural and urban areas. 15 marks Response will depend on content covered and whether population increase or decrease is main focus as will links to migration. Question demands that positive and negative effects of change be considered in the two areas – countryside and cities. This should give the answer a structure. It is likely that content will be influenced by the two settlement case studies that have been undertaken, a diverse range of responses is likely – relating to migration, squatter settlements etc. Increase – rural – likely to refer to rural-urban fringe locations and changes in suburbanised villages regarding age structure, socioeconomic groups, income, car ownership; changes in housing and house prices, services, community and possible conflict between newcomers and original inhabitants. Response needs to make clear what represents change for the better such as more varied, high order services and those that are for the worse, such as the loss of basic, specialised food services such as butchers and greengrocers as incoming population are more mobile. Decrease – rural – likely to refer to loss of services, including basic ones such as post offices, general stores as population falls, the loss of young population due to migration, leaving older behind, the importance of second home ownership and the implications of this, the need for diversification in farming, areas falling into disrepair. Likely changes here will focus on change for the worse – should be clear from response. Continued….

41. Increase – urban leads to rapid growth – urban sprawl on edges – large areas of housing of varying quality; increase in demand for services – in CBD, in new retail areas throughout city, increasing social and economic problems, increase in ethnic mix leading to multicultural societies, increase in inner city and CBD edge due to redevelopment, gentrification. Changes could be viewed as for better and/or worse depending on those included. Decrease – urban – leads to areas becoming rundown and neglected, leaves behind deprived areas of society – poorest, elderly, single parent families, reduces service base, leads to downward spiral that makes investment unlikely. Likely to relate to parts of city – inner area rather than city as a whole. The response expected are in the context of the UK, but content from other areas is equally valid as long as question is targeted. Level 1 (1-6 marks) Describes the character of areas that are increasing or decreasing. May focus on either urban or rural. Better or worse may be mentioned. General simple statements. Level 2 (7-12 marks) Links the changing character of areas to either changes for the better and/or worse. Some discussion, debate. May be imbalance, but urban and rural are both considered at the top end. Some developed, illustrated statements. Level 3 (13-15 marks) Response is purposeful in linking changes in the character of areas that are increasing or decreasing to whether changes are for the better or worse. Discussion, debate is present. Both urban and rural are considered in a more balanced account. Developed, illustrated statements.

42. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the demographic transition model. 15 marks Strengths likely to relate to the fact that all countries will fit model – exemplification likely with reference to specific countries at specific stages. The model shows change over time and can be seen as a predictor, with the expectation that each country will progress through the stages of the model. It is a good basis to compare countries to and offers reasons for progression through stages. The flexibility of the time element is a positive, increasing the degree of ‘fit’. Some countries such as those in north western Europe clearly fit the model and it explains the changes that occurred there. Weaknesses likely to relate to the evidence base being north European and so fitting western Europe and North America better than elsewhere; the links to industrialisation and progression make application in poorer countries more difficult; the time scales for stage 2 and 3 in poorer areas of the world raise the question about progression through the stages; the cause of the change from stage 2 to 3 is also different – the role of population policies or continuing high levels of births for longer; the original absence of a fifth stage to take into account zero and negative growth; migration is not taken directly into account nor are areas with high rates of disease such as HIV/AIDS that causes a new impact on population. Continued….

43. Level 1 (Basic) 1-6 marks Describes the demographic transition model. Refers to either strengths or weaknesses. General, simple statements. Level 2 (Clear) 7-12 marks Clearly knows the demographic transition model. Uses this knowledge to exemplify strengths and weaknesses. There is likely to be imbalance between the two components. Begins to discuss. Occasional developed, illustrated statements. Level 3 (Detailed) 13-15 marks Response is purposeful in linking the demographic transition model to strengths and weaknesses. Account will be more balanced between the two components – but still emphasis on weaknesses likely. Discussion, debate is present. Some developed, illustrated statements using country/countries studied.

44. Examine how population structure changes at different stages of the demographic transition. 15 marks Structure of answer is given in the question. There is likely to be reference first to how population structure changes throughout the stages of the DTM, with a narrowing base, an increase in height and width and an overall change in the shape from concave expanding profile to a stable, convex pyramid to a contracting one (see diagrams). There may be reference to a country, such as the UK, and how it has changed over time or different countries as they are today at different stages may be used to illustrate. Continued….

45. Level 1 (Basic) 1-6 marks Describes DTM or population structure only. Describes the population structure for 2 stages of DTM – likely to be 2 and 4. DTM and population structure separate. General statements – applicable to any area. Points made are simple and random. Level 2 (Clear) 7-12 marks Description focuses on change – may relate to only 2 stages of DTM. Begins to link DTM and population structure – increasing through the level. Points are supported in places. Tentative/ implicit comment/analysis as changes examined. Level 3 (Detailed) 13-15 marks Clear, purposeful summary of changes, considering at least 3 stages of DTM. Purposeful in responding to the question - explicit links between stages and population structure. Support is present throughout. Clear, explicit comment/analysis as changes examined.