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Organic Chemistry. Carbon. Inorganic compound- does not contain C and H Organic compound- contains C and H All living things contain the element C. 4 types of Organic Compounds. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids. Carbohydrates - Known as Sugars Lipids -Known as fats and Oils
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Carbon • Inorganic compound- does not contain C and H • Organic compound- contains C and H • All living things contain the element C
4 types of Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates- Known as Sugars • Lipids-Known as fats and Oils • Proteins- Known as Polypeptides • Nucleic Acids -DNA and RNA
Carbohydrates • Composed of the elements C, H, O with a ratio of 2 Hydrogen's to every 1 oxygen • Building blocks are simple sugars called monosaccharide
Carbohydrates are used for energy ex. Glucose in plants Ex. Structure: cellulose found in cell walls of plants
Monosaccharides- one sugar Ex- glucose, fructose, dextrose, and galactose Glucose- plants produce during photosynthesis Fructose- found in fruit Galactose- found in milk
Glucose and fructose are isomers- they have the same formula but a different arrangement of elements
Disaccharides- 2 sugars (2 simple sugars joined by saccharide bonds) Ex- sucrose (table sugar) lactose (milk sugar) and maltose (malt beverage)
Polysaccharides- many sugars attached by many bonds Ex- starch – stores glucose in roots of plants (potatoes) important food source for humans (storage for carbohydrates) glycogen- stores glucose in liver cells in humans (storage carbohydrates)
Cellulose- found in plant cell walls to make rigid ( wood and cotton fibers) • Chitin – found in the exoskeleton of arthropods (insects) (structural carbohydrate)
Lipids • Composed of elements C, H, and O, but contains FEWER O’s than carbohydrates • Building blocks are glycerol and fatty acids • Lipids are used for cushion, structure, insulation, and energy storage
Types of Lipids • Fatty acids: made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids • Saturated fatty acids- contains the max amount of hydrogen's. They are solids at room temperature • Example is animal fat
Unsaturated fatty acids_ does NOT contain the max amount of hydrogens so double bonds are present They are liquids at room temperature • Example: vegetable oil
Phospholipids • Make up cell membranes. They are like fatty acids but contain a phosphorus
Sterols • Contain a 4 ringed backbone • Examples: cholesterol and Steroids / hormones estrogen and testosterone
Proteins • Composed of the elements C, H, O, and N (Sulfur is found in 2 amino acids) • Building blocks are amino acids (20 types)- contain a carboxyl group---H atoms, a central C atom, and a variable group
Held together by peptide bonds- 2 amino acids bound=polypeptide
Proteins are used for immunity, structural proteins (muscles), hormones, and catalysts (enzymes) • Examples of proteins are antibodies, muscles, enzymes, hair
Nucleic Acids • Composed of the elements C, H, O, N, and P; made up of nucleotides
Building blocks are nucleotides which are made up of a simple sugar (deoxyribose for DNA and ribose for RNA), a phosphate group and a Nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine for DNA
Nucleic Acids are used for controlling cellular activities and making proteins (GENES) • Examples of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA
Enzymes • Made of proteins • Acts as a catalyst- speeds up rate of chemical reactions • Can catobolize- break down or anabolize-build up molecules • Enzymes are not broken down, they are recycled
Substrate- a molecule that attaches to an enzyme to be broken down of synthesized Active site- place when substrate attaches to enzyme ( lock and key) Most enzymes end in -ase
Dehydration Synthesis- makes polymers by taking water out monomers. This allows monomers to bond (anabolism)