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Module 10 Operant & Cognitive Approaches

Module 10 Operant & Cognitive Approaches. Thorndike’s Law of Effect. Behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning.

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Module 10 Operant & Cognitive Approaches

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  1. Module 10Operant & Cognitive Approaches

  2. Thorndike’s Law of Effect • Behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened

  3. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning • An operant response is a response that can be modified by its consequences and is a meaningful unit of ongoing behavior that can be easily measured • Operant conditioning focuses on how consequences affect behavior Source: Based on Behavior of Organisms, by B. F. Skinner, 1938. Appleton-Century-Crofts.

  4. Reinforcement & Punishment • Reinforcement (Strengthens Behavior) • A consequence that occurs after a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again • Punishment (Weakens Behavior) • A consequence that occurs after a behavior and decreases the chance that the behavior will occur again

  5. Reinforcement & Punishment • Reinforcement (Strengthens Behavior) • A consequence that occurs after a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again • Positive reinforcement • presentation of a stimulus that increases the probability that the behavior will occur again • Negative reinforcement • an aversive stimulus whose removal increases the likelihood that the preceding response will occur again

  6. Reinforcement & Punishment • Punishment (Weakens Behavior) • A consequence that occurs after a behavior and decreases the chance that the behavior will occur again • Positive punishment • Presenting an aversive stimulus after a response • It decreases the chances that a response will recur • Negative punishment • Removing a reinforcing stimulus after a response • It decreases the chances that a response will recur

  7. Clarification of Terms • Reinforcement vs. Punishment • Reinforcement- Strengthens preceding behavior • Punishment- Weakens preceding behavior • Positive vs. Negative • Positive- adding/ introducing a stimulus • Negative- subtracting/ taking away a stimulus

  8. Examples of Operant Conditioning: Toilet Training • Target behavior • Goal is for Sheryl to urinate in the toilet • Preparation • Give Sheryl a large glass of apple juice • Reinforcers • Each time Sheryl performs the desired behavior, she receives an immediate reinforcer • Shaping • Each time Sheryl performs a step that leads up to using the toilet, she receives reinforcement

  9. Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers • Primary reinforcer • Stimulus that is innately satisfying and requires no learning to become pleasurable • Food, water, and sex • Secondary reinforcer • Stimulus that has acquired its reinforcing power through experience • Coupons, money, and grades

  10. Consequences

  11. Positive Reinforcement Examples

  12. Positive Reinforcement Examples

  13. Positive Reinforcement Examples

  14. Negative Reinforcement Examples

  15. Negative Reinforcement Examples

  16. Negative Reinforcement Examples

  17. Negative Reinforcement Examples • Taking an aspirin to relieve a headache. • Hurrying home in the winter to get out of the cold. • Giving in to an argument or to a dog’s begging. • Fanning oneself to escape the heat. • Leaving a movie theater if the movie is bad. • Smoking in order to relieve anxiety. • Following prison rules in order to be released from confinement. • Feigning a stomachache in order to avoid school. • Putting on a car safety belt to stop an irritating buzz. • Turning down the volume of a very loud radio. • Putting up an umbrella to escape the rain. • Saying “uncle” to stop being beaten.

  18. Positive Punishment Examples

  19. Positive Punishment Examples

  20. Positive Punishment Examples

  21. Negative Punishment Examples

  22. Negative Punishment Examples

  23. Negative Punishment Examples

  24. BE CAREFUL, OPERANT CONDITIONING VARIES WITH THE INDIVIDUAL…

  25. Classifying Consequences What type of operant conditioning is it?

  26. Which consequence? • Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement • Positive punishment • Negative punishment

  27. Positive Reinforcement • A rat presses a bar and receives a food pellet. • ADDING a pleasant consequence that INCREASES the likelihood of the behavior

  28. Positive Punishment • A child swears and is spanked. • ADDING an unpleasant consequence that DECREASES the likelihood of the behavior

  29. Negative Punishment • A child has her bike taken away for crashing it. • SUBTRACTING a pleasant consequence that DECREASES the likelihood of the behavior

  30. Negative Punishment • A teenager is put on restriction for keeping the car out too late. • SUBTRACTING a pleasant consequence that DECREASES the likelihood of the behavior

  31. Negative Reinforcement • A child swims three more laps just so he can stop swimming which he hates. • SUBTRACTING an unpleasant consequence that INCREASES the likelihood of the behavior

  32. Positive Reinforcement • You study and earn an A. • ADDING a pleasant consequences that INCREASES the likelihood of the behavior

  33. Positive Punishment • You party all night and get an F. • ADDING an unpleasant consequence that DECREASES the likelihood of the behavior

  34. Positive Punishment • You are caught speeding and are given a ticket by the highway patrol. • ADDING an unpleasant consequence that DECREASES the likelihood of the behavior

  35. Negative Punishment • A child is acting up in class and is sent to the corner of the room for 10 minutes. • SUBTRACTING a pleasant consequence that DECREASES the likelihood of the behavior

  36. Negative Reinforcement • You clean up your room to avoid your mom’s nagging. • SUBTRACTING an unpleasant consequence that INCREASES the likelihood of the behavior

  37. Negative Reinforcement • Since you find that aspirin relieves your headaches, you find yourself taking it every time you feel a headache coming on. • SUBTRACTING an unpleasant consequence that INCREASES the likelihood of the behavior

  38. Negative Reinforcement • Whenever shock is applied to a rat’s feet, it presses a lever to stop it. • SUBTRACTING an unpleasant consequence that INCREASES the likelihood of the behavior

  39. Negative Reinforcement • A rat has learned to press a lever whenever a light comes on in order to prevent shock from ever being applied. • SUBTRACTING an unpleasant consequence that INCREASES the likelihood of the behavior

  40. Positive Reinforcement • Every time a child says the words “mommy” or “daddy,” both parents get very excited and pay extra attention to him. Soon the child is saying these words more and more. • ADDING a pleasant consequences that INCREASES the likelihood of the behavior

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