The Spirit of Reform

1. The Spirit of Reform 8th Grade US History

2. Religion and Reform • Early 1800s was a period of great interest in religion. • Referred to as the Second Great Awakening (the First Great Awakening was mid 1700s) • People looking for ways to improve society • Temperance- drinking little to no alcohol • Fix problems with education • Teachers were not well-trained • Not all parents wanted children in school- why? • Girls often denied an education • Many schools refused to allow African Americans to attend

3. Early reformers • Horace Mann- started the first state-supported teacher’s college • Lyman Beecher- tried to prevent drinking of alcohol • Thomas Gallaudet- developed a way to teach the deaf • Dorothea Dix- made people aware of horrible conditions in prisons • Created first mental institutions • Superintendent of Army nurses during Civil War • Dorothea Dix mental institution in Raleigh, now a park

4. Changes affect art and literature • American artists began to create their own style • Showcased American life and landscapes • Transcendentalism- Thinkers and writers began to emphasize a connection between people and nature. • Henry David Thoreau- practiced Civil Disobedience. He refused to obey laws he thought were unjust. • Refused to pay a tax that supported the Mexican War

5. Life as a Slave • Many worked on farms/plantations • Slave Jobs: • Field hands • Planting • Tending • Picking , Processing, and loading cotton • Constructing repairing buildings and fences • Hauling water • Clearing Land

6. Anti-Slavery Efforts in the South • By the mid-1800’s , 250,000 were freemen. • These freemen played an important role in anti-slavery issues. Violent v. Non-Violent Approach • There were several uprisings within the South about 200. • Nat Turner Uprising • John Browns Uprising ( July 3rd, 1859)- Harpers Ferry Raid- led 18 men to attack the armory in hopes of causing Virginia institution on slavery to collapse. • Many slaves attempted to escape • Underground Railroad

7. The Abolitionist Movement

8. Abolition • What is abolition? • Definition: The end of slavery • A movement that began in the 1830s • Abolitionists argued that enslaved African Americans should be freed immediately • In the eyes of Abolitionists, slavery was an enormous evil of which the country needed to repent

9. David Walker & Walker’s Appeal • The first well-known abolitionist • A free African American from North Carolina • Published Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World • Advocated violence and rebellion as the only way to end slavery

10. William Lloyd Garrison • Responsible for rapid spread of abolitionist movement • Founded Boston’s antislavery newspaper, The Liberator • Believed slavery was immoral and slaveholders were evil • Only option = immediate emancipation, or freeing of all enslaved people

11. The Grimke Sisters • From South Carolina (father was a plantation owner) • Moved North to work openly against slavery • Also fought for women’s rights

12. Escaped slave from Maryland Published The North Star, an antislavery newspaper Published an autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass One of the most prominent African American figures of the movement Frederick Douglass

13. Gained freedom in 1827 Gave well-spoken, joyous and deeply religious speeches that drew large crowds Engaged listeners with humor, personal stories, contagious singing and strong antislavery messages Sojourner Truth

14. Southern slave who led an uprising in 1831 Killed over 50 Virginians Rebellion caused Southern slave owners to tighten control of blacks and demand the suppression of abolitionist material Nat Turner

15. Underground Railroad • Since the passage of Fugitive Slave Act, Abolitionists became very upset. Therefore, • The Underground Railroad became more successful due to the Fugitive Slave Act. • The Underground Railroad was a network of safe houses that send many runaway slaves safe to go to the North towards Canada.

16. Harriet Tubman • Born a slave • Married a free black man, but when she was told she would be sold, she left her husband and families and fled North. • Helped her two sisters flee as well • Most famous of the Underground Railroad conductors • Led upward of 300 slaves to freedom • Was a spy for the Union during the Civil War

17. Northern Reaction Feared large migration of African Americans to the North Feared an upset of the social system would lead to war with the South Many Northerners sympathized with slaves – did not want to return them to slave owners Southern Reaction Slave holders defended slavery as vital to their economic stability Argued slaves enjoyed a close, friendly relationship with their owners Demanded suppression of abolitionist material Reaction to Abolitionist Movement

18. The Women’s Movement Women’s Rights, 1780’s = A. United States Constitution written. B. Only white men may vote. C. Women had no property rights. D. Women also could not be educated for certain jobs.

19. Women’s Rights • Women’s Rights, 1800’s • People began thinking women should be able to vote, too. • 1848 – Women organized a convention in New York. • Called the “Seneca Falls Convention”. • Suffrage:-the right to vote

20. Susan B. Anthony • Born February 15, 1820 in • Adams, Massachusetts. • Raised in a Quaker family. • Quakers long activist traditions. • Developed a strong sense of justice because of this!

21. Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Met Susan B. Anthony in 1851. • They worked together for the next fifty years! • Stanton wrote and gave speeches. • Wanted improvement of legal and traditional rights for women.

22. Lucretia Mott • Helped organize and call together the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention. • Was a strong supporter of education. • Lucretia Mott Schools – One opened in Indianapolis, Indiana.

23. The Seneca Falls Convention • Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Three demands made at the Convention • End unfair laws • Equal work • Women’s suffrage- the right for women to vote • Movement supported by abolitionist leaders such as Frederick Douglas and Sojourner Truth

24. Gains for Women Opportunities for women increased Wyoming gave women the right to vote in 1890 New education opportunities Rights to divorced women However, the fight for equal rights would continue.

25. Now it’s your turn! • Civil Disobedience is not always a legal way to get involved… • but it is a way that people stand up against issues they believe are unjust • With this in mind, what are some issues that you feel passionately about?

26. Expectations • Choose one of the following topics and reflect on why it is important to you and how you can get involved. • You may reflect on your topic in one of several ways. You may create… • A short essay (3 paragraphs/ 5-7 sentences each) • A poem (3 stanzas with 4 lines each) • A drawing (ex: political cartoon or a self created piece of art) • Other: any expressive form of art that you have approved by me

27. Expectations • GRAMMAR, SPELLING, & PUNCTUATION WILL BE GRADED! • Capitalize proper nouns • Every sentence should start with a capital letter • If you don’t know how to spell something, look it up or ask me for help • Your effort will be graded as well. I expect you to take your time and take this seriously.

28. Topics • Immigration • the need for stronger border security • the Muslim ban • or another angle they feel strongly about • Gun control • 2nd amendment • should teachers have guns • Protecting nature • ban on plastic straws • protecting national parks • Infrastructure • strengthening bridges, roads, etc • Pay Gap • equal pay for equal work • Education • Free public education for all • cost of college