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Circulation and Immunity

Circulation and Immunity. 1.2 Blood Vessels. 1.3 Blood. 1.1 The Heart. 1.4 Cardiovascular Disease. 1.5 The Immune System. 1.1 The Heart. The main functions of the circulatory system are: To transport gases, nutrients and waste materials To regulate internal temperature

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Circulation and Immunity

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  1. Circulation and Immunity 1.2 Blood Vessels 1.3 Blood 1.1 The Heart 1.4 Cardiovascular Disease 1.5 The Immune System

  2. 1.1 The Heart The main functions of the circulatory system are: To transport gases, nutrients and waste materials To regulate internal temperature To transport hormones To protect against disease

  3. 1.1 The Heart Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped in one beat Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped in one minute CO = SV x HR

  4. 1.1 The Heart The heart is a set of two pumps The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and back to the heart (pulmonary circulation) The left side of the heart pumps blood to the body systems and back to the heart (systemic circulation) Coronary circulation is blood flow to the heart muscles

  5. 1.1 The Heart The heart beats due to electrical signals that coordinate the contraction of the chambers Diastole occurs when the ventricles of the heart are relaxed Systole occurs when the ventricles of the heart are contracted

  6. 1.1 The Heart Factors that influence heart rate include: Physical activity Emotions External temperature For healthy living, exercise should attempt to attain a target heart rate

  7. 1.2 Blood Vessels The major arteries and veins make up the pulmonary and systemic pathways Artery: thick-walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart Vein: thin-walled blood vessel with valves that carries blood toward the heart Capillary: tiny blood vessel that connects the smallest branch of an artery (arteriole) to the smallest branch of a vein (venule)

  8. 1.2 Blood Vessels Major blood vessels include: Aorta Vena Cavae Pulmonary Arteries Pulmonary Veins Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels

  9. 1.2 Blood Vessels Blood pressure is measured in units of mmHg Blood pressure is measured as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure In general, the pressure in arteries is greatest and in veins is least Blood pressure is measured with a sphygmomanometer

  10. 1.3 Blood Blood is a mixture of a fluid portion and a formed portion The fluid portion is called plasma and makes up 55% of blood volume The formed portion is made up of cells Red blood cells (erythrocytes): small cells filled with hemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

  11. 1.3 Blood White blood cells (leucocytes): many types of cells that respond to disease Platelets (thrombocytes): cell fragments that control blood clotting

  12. 1.4 Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Canada Arteriosclerosis is hardening of the arteries Arteriosclerosis can lead to heart attacks, strokes and embolisms Arteriosclerosis can be treated by medication, angioplasty or coronary bypass

  13. 1.4 Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease is linked to consumption of fats and cholesterol LDL cholesterol: increases risk of cardiovascular disease HDL cholesterol: decreases risk of cardiovascular disease Certain fats can raise or lower LDL and HDL cholesterol

  14. 1.4 Cardiovascular Disease Certain fatty acids are essential including omega-3 and omega-6 Tradition Inuit diet is rich in omega-3 fatty acids Other cardiovascular diseases include aneurysms, septal defects and valvular diseases

  15. 1.5 The Immune System A pathogen is a disease causing agent Your body defends against pathogens in the following ways Protective barrier Sweat and oil secretions Blood clotting Various other secretions White blood cells

  16. 1.5 The Immune System Pathogens may be food-borne, water-borne, blood borne or air-borne Microscopic pathogens include Bacteria Protozoa Fungi Viruses

  17. 1.5 The Immune System The immune response to a viral infection includes Macrophages Helper T Cells Killer T Cells Supressor T Cells Memory Cells Antibodies B Cells

  18. 1.5 The Immune System Vaccines use the bodies natural immune response to create immunity to infections Vaccines have significantly improved human health globally Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis and lupus are the result of the immune system attacking normal body cells

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