The Reformation: Part I

1. The Reformation: Part I

2. The objectives for this slide show are: How did Jan Huss’ martyrdom inspire Luther? Identifythe reasons for Luther’s criticisms of the Catholic Church Why did Luther not support the peasants in their rebellion? You will know the main terms of the Peace of Augsburg, 1555.

3. Many early groups or people questioned the Church • The Cathars—were rooted out in the Albigensian crusade. This was Innocent III’s greatest test (Early 1200s)

4. John Wycliffe translates the bible (1300’s) • Ordinary devout citizens should be able to read the bible and obtain salvation

5. Jan Huss was a Bohemian National Hero, who came to be a touch point for Czech Nationalism He, too, believed that all should have access to the bible But he also represented Bohemian (Czech) independence against the Holy Roman Empire

6. Jan Huss was imprisoned by the Church after he was promised safe conduct to the Council of Constance

7. Even today, Huss’ statue is in an honored place in Prague, Czech Republic

9. Many Bohemian nobles protested the burning of Jan Huss. Here are their seals attached to the protest Jan Huss became a Martyr of the Early Reformation

10. His followers continued to fight for his cause, and there would be small wars throughout the area for many years.

11. Erasmus, though he stayed in the church, wrote several books of criticism. In Praise of Folly paves the way for further criticism by those who feel “less kindly” toward Catholic doctrine

12. Three classes contribute to the Reformation

13. The laboring poor who felt that their tithes supported lavish displays of wealth • Anabaptists, Hutterites, Menonites, and Amish are in these groups • Today’s Baptists descend from this group

14. The Middle Classes Merchants and Townspeople who wanted to control their spiritual and economic destiny These became followers of Calvin—including Puritanism and Presbyterianism

15. There were also the Kings and Princes—who wanted to gain control over their territory and diminish church influence • The Lutheran Church and the English Anglican Church were in this tradition • The Anglican Church, or Church of England, is the Episcopalian Church of today

16. And there were, of course, long standing “wounds” that compounded this dissatisfaction

17. Individuals, Groups, and Events all contributed to the dissatisfaction with the church

18. Received an excellent education Caught in a storm, he prays to St. Anne Becomes a priest Luther’s early life

19. Luther comes to the belief that Salvation is by faith alone

20. Tetzel was a fundraiser to help rebuild St. Peter’s

21. He sold Indulgences, and said that with each contribution a soul gained fewer years in purgatory

22. Luther is outraged • Like Jesus Christ, he sees himself as cleaning the temple

23. He posts the 95 Theses

24. Faith and repentance bring one to heaven, not indulgences There are various specific complaints in the Theses

25. He also believed that the church had no authority to burn or persecute righteous Christians, such as Jan Huss The Bible was the authority. He urged people to read the bible and see for themselves

26. He appeared before the young Charles V (the emperor) at the Diet of Worms.

27. There he said “he would not go against his own conscience.” Friends, fearing that he would be captured and burned, like Jan Huss, had him kidnapped and held in a Wartburg Castle until things cooled down

29. Lutheranism caused national upheaval in the various German states. Its affect was immediate.

30. Peasants rebelled against their unfair landlords Luther condemned their revolt He also condemned Jews who would not convert Soon, other groups adapted Luther’s revolt to their own causes

31. The Anabaptists split over issues of infant baptism

32. Other groups split off into bizarre cults • John of Leyden took over the city of Munster and established a communal, polygamous state. • Leyden was tortured and burned at the stake. • The Anabaptists fled to parts of Russia and Poland

33. The Cages of Munster where Anabaptists were held

34. Luther was horrified by the rebellions and splinter groups He made it clear that in worldly matter, a Good Christian owed obedience to established authority

35. Lutheranism supported authority and became tied to various German States. The states of Germany felt it was their right to choose what religion they would support : ius reformandi

36. The Emperor sought to suppress Luther and the Lutheran States

37. The Lutheran princes and free cities formed an alliance at the small German town of Schmalkald This became the Schmalkaldic League. It was formed to defend the Lutheran Princes against the Emperor

38. Even Catholic France supported Luther against the Emperor • France will continue to support other Protestants against its fellow Catholic nation. Religions do not stick together • France wants Germany (at this time, The Holy Roman Empire) to remain weak and divided

39. One might call me a backstabber. . . Let me explain my self: I am Francois I of France I’m intent on keeping the Emperor weak And, also, Germany divided

40. The Emperor had other troubles besides Lutheranism • In 1529, the Turks began to threaten the Eastern Hapsburg domains. • Charles V had to stop and fight off the Turks

42. In the meanwhile, a whole new generation of Lutherans grew up!

43. The Schmalkaldic War ends with a Lutheran Victory: The Peace of Augsburg 1555 The rulers of the various German states choose the religion they belong to—and their citizens follow along

44. Cuius regio eius religio: whose the region, his the religion This is a plus for Lutheranism—but it results in the division of the various German States—just what France wants

45. The objectives for this slide show were: How did Jan Huss’ martyrdom inspire Luther? Identifythe reasons for Luther’s criticisms of the Catholic Church Why did Luther not support the peasants in their rebellion? You will know the main terms of the Peace of Augsburg, 1555.

46. Thus Ends the first stage of the Reformation