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Understanding Cell Structures and Their Functions in Biology

This comprehensive overview explores the fundamental aspects of cell structures and their functions. Delve into the essential components of all living cells, including DNA, cytoplasm, and the cell membrane. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, highlighting their distinct features. Learn about various organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus, and their critical roles in cellular processes. This guide serves as a foundational resource for understanding cell theory and the diverse functionalities within cells.

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Understanding Cell Structures and Their Functions in Biology

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  1. Cell Structures By: Amber Tharpe

  2. Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells • Cells are the smallest unit of life • Cells come from other living cells

  3. All Cells have 3 Things • DNA • Cytoplasm • Cell membrane

  4. Two Main Types of Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Has a “true nucleus” DNA is housed there Has membrane-bound organelles Single or multicellular Plants, animals, fungi, and protists • No nucleus • DNA floats in cytoplasm • No membrane-bound organelles • All single-celled • Bacteria and Archaea

  5. Cytoplasm • Jelly-like substance that cushions and protects the cell

  6. Plasma membrane • Double-layered membrane that surrounds cells • Controls what goes in and out of the cell

  7. Organelles • Structures that perform specific jobs in the cell • Surrounded by membranes

  8. Nucleus • Round organelle in the center of cell • Houses the DNA • Controls the activities of the cell

  9. Nucleolus • Found inside the nucleus • Makes ribosomes

  10. Cytoskeleton • Made of protein fibers • Provide structure and allow for movement

  11. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Network of folded membranes with spaces between • Extension of the nuclear envelope • Delivers lipids and proteins to the Golgi • Two types • Smooth- without ribosomes • makes lipids • Rough- studded with ribosomes • modifies proteins

  12. Ribosomes • Proteins are made here • Found on rough ER and free floating in cytoplasm

  13. Golgi Apparatus • Aka Golgi body or Golgi complex • Close network of membranes and vesicles pinch off of it • Processes, packages, and ships proteins • Like UPS

  14. Vesicle • Small membrane-bound sacs that transport substances in the cell

  15. Mitochondria • Make energy for the cell in the form of ATP • Known as the “powerhouse” of the cell • Bean-shaped with folded inner membrane

  16. Vacuole • Fluid-filled sac used for storing materials • Plant cells • Central vacuole for water storage

  17. Lysosomes • Contain enzymes used for digestion • Break down and recycle old cell parts

  18. Centrioles • Involved in cell division • Only found in animal cells

  19. Cilia- in some cells • Small hairlike projections • Allow for movement • Not found in all cells • Found in paramecium and in respiratory tract

  20. Flagella- in some cells • Tail-like projections • Allow for movement • Found in sperm

  21. Flagellum

  22. Cell Wall • Found in plants, fungi, and bacteria • Found outside the cell membrane • Provides protection and shape to the cell

  23. Chloroplast • Only found in plant cells • Contain chlorophyll • Involved in photosynthesis for plants

  24. Cell Membrane By: Amber Tharpe

  25. Cell Membrane Other names Plasma membrane

  26. Cell membrane 2 layers of phospholipids Outer flexible boundary of cell Controls what goes in and out of the cell Selectively permeable Allows some things to cross, while not allowing others

  27. Phospholipids 2 main parts Head Phosphate Polar (slightly charged) Hydrophilic- loves water Tail 2 fatty acid chains Nonpolar (not charged) Hydrophobic- hates water

  28. Transport Proteins Act as channels to help materials cross

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