Global Peacemaker

1. Global Peacemaker Angela Brown Chapter 10 Section 5

2. Learning Targets: • Describe how Wilson’s vision for peace fared during the Paris Peace Conference. • Explain the main points of the peace treaty and describe Wilson’s efforts to gain approval for the treaty.

3. Wilson’s Vision for Peace • Wilson’s 14 Points - # of provisions it contained • End to entangling alliances • Remaining Provisions dealt with keeping peace after the war, removal of trade barriers, reduction of armaments and protection of ethnic groups. • Self-determination – the power to make decisions about one’s own future • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fightthebias.com/site_images/woodrow_wilson_large.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.fightthebias.com/people/Woodrow_Wilson/Woodrow_Wilson.htm&h=261&w=176&sz=4&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=3DsXuzZ9la9rUM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=76&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwoodrow%2Bwilson%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2005-11,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN

4. The Paris Peace Conference • Jan 1919 the international peace conference was held in Paris. • Wilson headed U.S. delegation with only one other Republican. • Wilson was greeted in Paris as a conquering hero.

5. He claimed he was not interested in the spoils, or rewards of war. • Goal to establish a permanent agency to guarantee international stabilizing.

6. Wilson Forced to Compromise • The allies were interested in spoils… dividing up Germany’s colonies • France wanted the total humiliation if not destruction of Germany to ensure against future invasion. • March 1918 Civil War erupted in Russia.

7. Great Britain, France, U.S. involved with Lenin’s opponents. • Lenin held the power and signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with Germany 1922 –Russia refused all spoils of war • Paris Peace Conference forced Wilson to compromise on the 14 Points. • He finally agreed the Allied Powers could simply take over the colonies.

8. The League of Nations • Wilson produced a plan for the League of Nations – an organization for the nations of the world to join together to ensure security and peace for all members. • Pledged members of the League to regard an attack on one as an attack on all. • No military power so morale only.

9. Senate rejected plan. • They feared would drag U.S. into unpopular foreign wars.

10. The Peace Treaty • 1919 Wilson returned to the peace conference. • The Big Four– Britain, France, Italy and the U.S. • Allies accepted a plan for the League of Nations. • Opposition from Congress and America had weakened Wilson’s position

11. French Premier, George Clemenceau, demanded harsh penalties against Germany. • (Northern France destroyed – all farmland and villages) • Created new nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. • (borders drawn based on ethnic populations) • Wilson and other Allies refused claims of Vittorio Orlando, Italy’s Prime Minister, for territories in Austria-Hungary. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Clemenceau.jpg

12. War Guilt and Reparations • French and British, led by David Lloyd George insisted Germany be billed for reparations. • Payments from an enemy for economic injury suffered during a war. • 1921 Reparations Commission ruled Germany owed Allies $33 billion. • Germany never forgot or forgave this humiliation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George

13. Signing the Treaty • On June 28 signed Treaty of Versailles outside of Paris hence Versailles Treaty. • Germany had refused to sign stating it violated 14 Points. • France threatened to invade. • Germany signed.

14. apolyton.net

15. Seeking Approval at Home • Some senators opposed the treaty because it included a U.S. commitment to League of Nations. • They were called irreconcilables – could not be reconciled to it • Reservationists – wanted to impose restrictions on U.S. participation in League – to guarantee Monroe Doctrine remained

16. Wilson Tours Country • Wilson determined to win support for League undertook a23 day tour with dozens of speeches = • a stroke • He was an Invalid. • Isolated remainder of term • Senate continued to reject Treaty vote after vote.

17. A Formal End to Hostilities • May 1920 Congress voted to declare the war officially over. • Wilson vetoed (must have League) • 1921 the New President, Warren G. Harding, signed the peace. • Congress ratified separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary. • Nov 11, 1921 the remains of an unknown U.S. soldier exhumed in France and buried in Washington. http://portrait.kaar.at/USA%202/images/warren_g_harding.jpg

18. Difficult Postwar Adjustments • U.S. now World’s largest creditor nation. • European countries owed U.S. $11.5 billion. • Troops returned to society – jobs scarce • Many women retired or fired.

19. Postwar Gloom • Artists /Intellectuals entered postwar years with sense of gloom or disillusionment. • End of war marked end of an era of optimism. • Realities of trench warfare, death, and destruction hit people very hard.

20. African American Troops at Home • Hero’s welcome but no jobs. • WEB DuBois supported the war in 1918. • 1919 continued lynchings… some African Americans in uniform. • WEB DuBois became defiant. • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96feb/96febgifs/dubois.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96feb/dubois.html&h=276&w=216&sz=52&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=er3KawEpfwPN_M:&tbnh=114&tbnw=89&prev=/images%3Fq%3DWEB%2BDuBois%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2005-11,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN

21. Impact Today • 90,000 of 8 million soldiers killed or asphyxiated by chemical weapons. • 1925 Geneva Protocol outlawed use of chemical/biological weapons. • 1980s Iran-Iraq War chemical weapons were used again – thousands killed – Iranian soldiers – Kurdish civilians • 1972-1997 more treaties against • 1995 radical Japanese group released Saran gas in a Tokyo subway – killed several, wounded many.