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Religious Conflict and Warfare: The Age of the Crusades

Religious Conflict and Warfare: The Age of the Crusades. Terms: Pilgrimage= iter or peregrinatio (Latin) pelerinage (French) Holy War = bellum sacrum guerre sainte Expedition of the cross = expeditio crucis Takers of the cross = cruces signati. Justification for Warfare.

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Religious Conflict and Warfare: The Age of the Crusades

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  1. Religious Conflict and Warfare:The Age of the Crusades Terms: • Pilgrimage= iter or peregrinatio (Latin) pelerinage (French) • Holy War = bellum sacrumguerre sainte • Expedition of the cross = expeditio crucis • Takers of the cross = cruces signati

  2. Justification for Warfare Just war principles established by St. Augustine in the 5th century War must • Have a just cause based on past or present aggression (causa justa) • Be authorized by legitimate authority (auctoritas principis) • Be waged for right intention (intentio rectus) • Must be only practical alternative • Participants must have pure motives

  3. Prelude to the Crusades Important events: • Arab conquests 7th & 8th centuries • Conversion of the Turks to Islam • Collapse of Abbasid dynasty c. 950 • Battle of Manzikert in 1071 • Loss of Anatolia • Alexius’ letter to Pope Urban asking for help regaining lost territory • Council of Clermont, 1095

  4. Map of the Eastern Mediterranean in the 12th Century

  5. Key Personalities Alexius I Comnenus (1081-1118) Pope Urban II (1088-1099) Godfrey de Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine Baldwin of Bourg, his brother Raymond of St. Gilles, count of Toulouse Bohemond of Otranto Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy Stephen of Blois, count of Anjou Peter the Hermit

  6. First Crusade 1096–1099 • Conditions for a valid Crusade • Authorized only by pope (legitimate authority or auctoritas principis) • Crusader vow (votum) • Cross sewed on clothing, signifying vow • Privileges • Indulgence (spiritual reward for danger of journey) • Protection of church (clerical status) • Immunity from seizure (lands, chattels) • Freedom from tolls or obligations • Excommunication for failure to fulfill vow

  7. First Crusade 1096–1099 Byzantine Empire under attack from Muslim Turks 1071 – Battle of Manzikert, Turks seize Anatolia 1094 – Alexis I appealed to Pope Urban II for help 1095 – Urban II’s speech at Clermont 1096 – Peasants’ Crusade (unofficial) 1096 – Official crusade launched 1099 – Crusaders capture Jerusalem

  8. First Crusade 1096–1099

  9. Second Crusade1147–1149 1147 – Muslims defeat Europeans at Edessa, which catalyzed the 2nd Crusade Preached by Bernard of Clarivaux Foolish decisions lead to disaster for the crusaders Crusades now included an expansionist mission in addition to a pilgrimage Origin of Military Orders: Templars, Hospitalers, Teutonic Knights

  10. Crusader States: Outremer, 1099–1187 • County of Eddessa, founded by Baldwin of Boulogne (1097–1144) • Principality of Antioch, founded by Bohemond of Sicily (1098) • Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187) • County of Tripoli, founded by Raymond of St. Giles (1102)

  11. Krak des Chevaliers: Crusader Castle

  12. Third Crusade 1188–1192 Muslim leader Saladin reconquers Egypt and most crusading states 1187 – Conquers Jerusalem, which precipitated the Third Crusade Byzantium makes a pact with Saladin Leaders: Richard I of England Philip II (Augustus) of France Frederick I (Barbarossa), Holy Roman Emperor Crusade disintegrated through lack of cooperation

  13. Fourth Crusade1202–1204 Pope Innocent III organized crusade under papal auspices Crusaders never reached the Holy Land Diverted by Venetians to Zara Byzantium victim of the 4th Crusade Cause: dynastic intrigue & greed 1204: Crusaders sacked Constantinople

  14. Crusades’ Overview

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