5-3. fossil fuel: formation and development

1. 5-3. fossil fuel: formation and development • 5-3-1. Origin of Fossil Fuel • Petroleum & natural gas: Anaerobic decomposition of remains of organisms including phytoplankton and zooplankton that settled to the sea (or lake) bottom in large quantities under anoxic conditions, millions of years ago • Coal: Carbonization of terrestrial plants in sedimentary formations

2. 5-3-2. Formation of Fossil Fuel http://quakeinfo.ucsd.edu/~gabi/sio15/topics/energy.html

3. http://ugmsc.wordpress.com/2011/03/30/one-day-course-review-hydrocarbon-prospect-in-western-indonesia/http://ugmsc.wordpress.com/2011/03/30/one-day-course-review-hydrocarbon-prospect-in-western-indonesia/

4. An oil pump jack in southern Alberta. http://www.canada-maps.org/alberta-pictures.htm

5. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/9329185/Cairn-agrees-414m-deal-for-North-Sea-oil-field-owner-Nautical-Petroleum.html

6. offshore platforms 1, 2) conventional fixed platforms; 3) compliant tower; 4, 5) vertically moored tension leg and mini-tension leg platform; 6) Spar ; 7,8) Semi-submersibles ; 9) Floating production, storage, and offloading facility; 10) sub-sea completion and tie-back to host facility. Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/oil-platform#ixzz33qKTN1lw http://www.answers.com/topic/oil-platform

7. The kinds of coal, in increasing order of alteration, are lignite (brown coal--immature), sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite (mature). Coal starts off as peat. After a considerable amount of time, heat, and burial pressure, it is metamorphosed from peat to lignite. Lignite is considered to be "immature" coal at this stage of development because it is still somewhat light in color and it remains soft. As time passes, lignite increases in maturity by becoming darker and harder and is then classified as sub-bituminous coal. As this process of burial and alteration continues, more chemical and physical changes occur and a the coal is classified as bituminous. At this point the coal is dark and hard. Anthracite is the last of the classifications, and this terminology is used when the coal has reached ultimate maturation. Anthracite coal is very hard and shiny. The degree of alteration (or metamorphism) that occurs as a coal matures from peat to anthracite is referred to as the "rank" of the coal. Low-rank coals include lignite and sub-bituminous coals. These coals have a lower energy content because they have a low carbon content. They are lighter (earthier) and have higher moisture levels. As time, heat, and burial pressure all increase, the rank does as well. High-rank coals, including bituminous and anthracite coals, contain more carbon than lower-rank coals which results in a much higher energy content. They have a more vitreous (shiny) appearance and lower moisture content then lower-rank coals. http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalkinds.htm

8. Coastal exposure of the Point Aconi Seam (bituminous coal; Pennsylvanian) exposed at Point Aconi, Nova Scotia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sydney_Mines_Point_Aconi_Seam_038.JPG

9. Panorama of open-pit mining Garzweiler, Germany Shearer at work in a coal mine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SL500_01.jpg

10. 5-4. fossil fuel: uses • 5-4-1. Energy http://www.manicore.com/anglais/documentation_a/storage.html

11. 5-4-2. Other Uses • Petroleum • Olefin (alkene): plastics • Lubricants • Paraffin, wax • Sulfur, sulfuric acids • Tar –sealant • Asphalt • Petroleum coke • Aromatics • Coal • Coke • Syngas • Liquefaction fuel • Others • Natural gases • LNG (liquefied natural gas) • Fertilizers • H2

12. http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/energy/nonrenewable/crude.phphttp://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/energy/nonrenewable/crude.php

13. Breakdown by usage of the world coal consumption in 2007. Source International Energy Agency, 2009 http://www.manicore.com/anglais/documentation_a/oil/coal_use.html