Experiment Terms (SNB page 20) Factors, Variables, & Parameters = Thing

1. Experiment Terms (SNB page 20) Factors, Variables, & Parameters = Thing Manipulated variable – the one “thing” that is purposely changed Responding variable – the “thing” that is expected to change because of the “thing” that was manipulated A parameter is factor that can be measure in an experiment.

2. Experiment Terms (SNB page 20) In an experiment, controlled parameters are all the thing that need to be kept constant during an experiment. Only the manipulate variable is changed in an experiment; all other things are kept the same.

3. Hypothesis: Crickets chirp more in the light. • Place a cricket on a table outside and another on a table indoors. • Place a cricket under a lamp, if it doesn’t chirp, put it in a drawer. If that doesn’t work the cricket won’t chirp. • Place one cricket in the refrigerator and another under a lamp. • Take two crickets in containers; place one in closed, desk drawer and the other on the desk with the room’s light left on. Which procedure would best test this hypothesis?

4. Experiment 1: Hypothesis: a. Chimps hate elevator music. b. Do chimps become calm or aggressive after listening to elevator music? c. I think chimps will exhibit calm behavior after listing to elevator music. d. When compared to silence, elevator music produces calmbehavior in chimps. Which is the well written hypothesis?

5. Experiment 1: Hypothesis: • Chimps hate elevator music. • Do chimps become calm or aggressive after listening to elevator music? • I think chimps will exhibit calm behavior after listing to elevator music. • When compared to silence, elevator music produces calmbehavior in chimps. Which is the well written hypothesis?

6. Experiment #1 A group was researching the effects of elevator music on chimpanzees. Each chimp was provided an isolated room complete with a chair, a tire swing, and a climbing tower. The only noises that could be heard in Room A were those made by the chimp residing in that room, Rosie. Bob, the chimp in Room B, had the exact same set-up as Rosie, except that Bob had to listen to elevator music for the entire period he was in the room.

7. Experiment 1 continued: The chimps spent 6 hours a day in their respective rooms for 30 straight days. At the end of the 30 days, Rosie seemed unaffected by her “no music” environment. On the other hand, Bob became more aggressive and had learned to stick bananas in his ears. • What is the manipulated variable? • What is the responding variable?

8. Experiment 1: In experiment 1 the manipulated variable is music vs. no music. Know the definition and be able to identify manipulated variables. In experiment 1 the responding variable is aggressive vs. calm behavior. Know the definition and be able to identify responding variables.

9. Experiment 1 (Chimp Music): What were the three controlled parameters?

10. Experiment 1 (Chimp Music): What were the three controlled parameters?

11. Experiment Terms (SNB page 20) Explain each letter in “D.R.Y. M.I.X.” What factor/variable is always plotted on the X-axis? What factor/variable is always plotted on the Y-axis? What term is the same as the manipulated variable? What term is the same as the responding variable?

12. Experiment 2 (Hypothesis) • Falling cannonballs are the bomb. • My opinion is that all cannonballs fall at the same speed. • Do cannon balls of different weights fall at different speeds? • Despite having different weights, all cannonballs will fall at the same speed. Which is the well written hypothesis?

13. Experiment 2 During the 1600’s people thought that the heavier an object was the faster it fell. Galileo, a famous mathematician discovered that this belief about falling objects was false. Instead, he theorized that all fall at the same rate regardless of weight. To prove his hypothesis, so it is said, Galileo took two cannonballs to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Both balls were spherical, but one was heavier than the other.

14. Experiment 2 With a crowd of on lookers, Galileo dropped the two cannonballs at exactly the same time from the same height. Galileo repeated this experiment with cannonballs of various weights, but they would all hit the ground at the same time. This event set the stage for Isaac Newton’s interpretation of gravity in the following century. What is the manipulated variable? What is the responding variable?

15. Experiment 2 What was the manipulated variable? Weight of the cannonballs. What is the responding variable? Speed of falling

16. Experiment 2 (Cannonball Drop) What are the controlled Parameters?

17. Experiment 2 (Cannonball Drop) What are the controlled Parameters? Same time, same height, & same shape.

18. Experiment 3 / Wendy McDonald Wendy McDonald, a biochemist, thought she had discovered a vaccine that could “cure” the common cold. To test her vaccine, Wendy drafted 50 people for her study. She split these people into two groups and labeled them Group A and Group B. Both groups had 25 people with equal numbers of males and females. Both groups also had the same age distributions and ethnic backgrounds. On Day 1 of the study, Wendy gave Group A her vaccination for the common cold. Group B was given a placebo, a shot without any actual medicinal value.

19. Experiment 3 / Wendy McDonald None of the 50 test subjects knew if they had received the vaccination or placebo. Wendy monitored the health of her test subjects over the course of a year. She found that 23 out of 25 people in Group A did not have a cold for an entire year. On the other hand, only 3 people out of 25 in Group B did not have a cold. Initial results of Wendy’s cold vaccine looked promising. • What was the hypothesis? • What was the manipulated variable? • What was the responding variable?

20. Experiment 3 / Wendy McDonald • Hypothesis? The vaccine cures the common cold. • Manipulated variable? Real vaccine vs. fake vaccine Responding variable? Cold vs. Didn’t get a cold.

21. Experiment 3 What were the controlled parameters? Same/identical: Equal numbers of males and females. Both groups also had the same age distributions and ethnic backgrounds. Both groups thought they received the vaccine due to group B’s placebo.

22. Experiment 4 / Jed I. Master Jed I. Master did a study on the reactivity of a newly discovered acid, glitbiter acid. In each of five test tubes, Ken placed 25 milliliters of glitbiter acid and labeled them Samples A through E. Next, he placed various amounts of water in each of the test tube with the glitlbiter acid: 5 milliliters in Sample A, 10 milliliters in Sample B, 15 milliliters in Sample C, 25 milliliters in sample D, and 25 milliliters in Sample E. Ken then placed 10 milliliters of an indicator solution into each of the five test tubes.

23. After placing the drops in Sample A, he noticed that the acid had become a dark purple color. In Sample B, the indicator solution turned the acid more of a pink color. No changes occurred in Samples C or D. But after adding the indicator solution to Sample E, the acid turned blue and Ken could distinctly hear “We are the Champions,” a song by Queen, coming from the test tube. Manipulated variable? Responding variable? Controlled parameters?

24. Experiment 4 / Jed I. Master Manipulated variable? Concentration of acid in water Responding variable? Change in indicator solution Controlled parameters? Acid from the same source. Distilled water. Identical test tubes. Indicator solutions from the same source.

25. Graphs Linear or non-linear?

26. Graphs: Distance & Time

27. Graphs: Linear or non-linear? Positive or negative slopes?

28. Graphs

29. Graphs

30. Distance vs. Time Graph What is the distance at a certain time? How much time does it take to go a certain Distance?

31. Slope The equation for the line is Y = 1X + 0 Slope = 1 Note the number in front of the X is the slope.

32. Accuracy and Reproducible:

33. Accuracy and Reproducible: Compare $101, $100.4, & $100 Is there a big or small difference here? Would the differences in these amounts affect what you could buy with it very much at the grocery store?

34. Eight student groups were working to make their robots go a meter. The distance was set to 100cm but on average the robots traveled 100.5 cm. Your measurements were: 101cm, 100.4cm, and 100cm a. Accurate but not reproducible b. Not accurate but reproducible c. Accurate and reproducible d. Not accurate nor reproducible