DO NOW

1. DO NOW • WHAT ROLE DID GEOGRAPHY PLAY IN THE PROSPERITY AND DEFENSIBILITY OF ROME? • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 150 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE IMPACT OF GEOGRAPHY”

2. DO NOW • WHAT ROLE DID GEOGRAPHY PLAY IN THE PROSPERITY AND DEFENSIBILITY OF ROME? • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 127 IN THE SECTION TITLED “EARLY ROME AND THE REPUBLIC”

3. DO NOW • Look at the map on page 150. Read the second paragraph on page 150. How did Rome’s location help the Latins conquer Italy?

4. DO NOW • GET READY TO PRESENT YOUR SKIT!!!!!!! • AFTER THE PRESENTATION WE ARE GOING TO PLAY A REVIEW GAME COVERING YOUR TEST OVER CHAPTER 4 AND 5!!!!! • YOUR TEST IS TOMORROW • STUDY STUDY STUDY STUDY STUDY

5. Chapter 5: Rome and the Rise of Christianity

6. 1. Geography of Italy 1. Apennines mountains were less rugged and did not divide the Italian peninsula into many small, isolated communities like the Greek city-states Section 1: The Rise of Rome

7. 2. Latins 3. Etruscans 2. Indo-European peoples who were farmers and herders 3. after 650 B.C. they expanded into north-central Italy and came to control Rome People’s of Italy

8. 4. republic 5. war and conquest 4. government in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote 5. at the beginning of the republic Rome was surrounded by enemies (Greece, Etruscans, Latium) Eventually, the Romans are going to overthrow the Etruscans and establish a republic

9. 6. Livy 6. Roman historian who provided a number of stories to teach Romans the virtues that made Rome great Romans believed that their early ancestors were successful because of their sense of duty, courage, and discipline.

10. 7. good diplomats 8. excelled in the military 9. laws and politics 7. allowed states to run their own internal affairs 8. were both accomplished and persistent soldiers 9. created political institutions in response to problems Why was Rome Successful

11. 10. patricians 11. plebeians 10. were great landowners, who became Rome’s ruling class 11. craftspeople, merchants, small farmers were part of larger group The Romans had been ruled by kings under the Etruscans. As a result, they distrusted kingship and devised a very different system of government.

12. DO NOW • WHAT WERE THE THREE MAJOR FACTORS THAT MADE ROME A SUCCESSFUL EMPIRE WITHIN THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD?????? • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 151 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “WAR AND CONQUEST” AND “WHY ROME WAS SUCCESSFUL”

13. DO NOW • WHAT WERE THE THREE MAJOR FACTORS THAT MADE ROME A SUCCESSFUL EMPIRE WITHIN THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD?????? • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOK ON PAGES 128-129 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE ROMAN CONQUEST OF ITALY”

14. 12. consuls 13. praetor 12. two were chosen every year ran the government and led army into battle 13. was in charge of Roman law as it applied to Roman citizens Men in both groups were citizens and could vote, but only patricians could be elected to government offices. The chief executive offices of the Roman Republic were the consuls and praetors.

15. 14. Senate 15. council of plebs 14. a select group of about 300 patricians who will end up holding the force of law (served for life) 15. a popular assembly for plebeians only The Roman Senate came to hold an especially important position in the Roman Republic.

16. 16. Twelve Tables 17. Law of Nations 16. Rome’s first code of laws only applied to Roman citizens 17. universal law based on reason that applied to both citizens and non-citizens Tribunes of the plebs were given to protect the power of the plebeians.

17. 18. First Punic War 19. Second Punic War 18. Rome battled the state of Carthage to win the territory of Sicily 19. Carthage vowed revenge and Hannibal (famous general) struck back Rome Conquers the Mediterranean: After their conquest of Italy, the Romans found themselves face to face with a strong power in the Mediterranean, the state of Carthage

18. 20. Third Punic War 20. Carthage became a Roman province called Africa Rome called for the complete destruction of Carthage and did so Fifty years later, the Romans fought their third and final struggle with Carthage in the Third Punic War.

19. Producing a skit of an ancient Greek marketplace: • You are going to be divided up into groups of two and write and produce a skit that shows typical activity in an ancient Greek marketplace. Assigned groups will handle the various activities: script writing; designing and producing a simple set, costumes, program, and promotional materials, acting, and directing. You need to include a variety of people in the skit: women, slaves, children, aristocrats, artisans, and merchants. The skit should clearly convey the operation of democracy in the polis through action and words. After the presentation, I along with your classmates will assess the skit to determine if this goal was accomplished.

20. DO NOW • EXPLAIN HOW THE ROMANS WERE SO SUCCESSFUL WITH CREATING THEIR VAST EMPIRE. • READ PAGE 151 IN THE SECTION TITLED “WHY ROME WAS SUCCESSFUL”

21. DO NOW • EXPLAIN HOW THE ROMANS WERE SO SUCCESSFUL WITH CREATING THEIR VAST EMPIRE. • READ PAGES 128-129 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE ROMAN REPUBLIC”

22. DO NOW • OPEN YOUR BOOKS TO PAGE 161 AND LOOK AT THE MAP AT THE TOP OF THE PAGE. ANSWER QUESTION #2 ON THE GEOGRAPHY SKILLS.

23. DO NOW • EXPLAIN THE TYPE OF GOVERNMENT THAT ROME HAD. WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SENATE AND OTHER ASSEMBLIES TO THE ROMAN REPUBLIC? HOW DID THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLEBEIANS AND PATRICIANS PREVENT ROME FROM BECOMING A TRUE DEMOCRACY? • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 152-153 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE ROMAN STATE”

24. DO NOW • EXPLAIN THE TYPE OF GOVERNMENT THAT ROME HAD. WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SENATE AND OTHER ASSEMBLIES TO THE ROMAN REPUBLIC? HOW DID THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLEBEIANS AND PATRICIANS PREVENT ROME FROM BECOMING A TRUE DEMOCRACY? • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 129-131 UNDER THE SECTIONS TITLED “THE ROMAN STATE” AND “THE STRUGGLE OF ORDERS: SOCIAL DIVISIONS IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC”

25. Roman Expansion: http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/socialstudies/in_motion_08/jat/p_138.swf

26. Section 2: From Republic to Empire • By the second century B.C., the Senate had become the real governing body of the Roman state. Members of the Senate were drawn mostly from the landed aristocracy. They remained senators for life and held the chief offices of the republic. The Senate directed the wars of the third and second centuries B.C. and took control of both foreign and domestic policy, including financial affairs. The Senate and political affairs were increasingly controlled by a small circle of wealthy and powerful families. • Of course, these aristocrats formed only a tiny minority of the Roman people. The backbone of the Roman state and army had always been the small farmers.

27. Roman Empire: Trade and ExpansionHeight of the Roman Empire, A.D. 200

28. 1. Growing inequality and Unrest 2. a new role for the army (107 B.C.E.) 1. the Senate became the real governing body made up of wealthy aristocrats 2. Roman generals recruited volunteers from the poor who owned no property and promised them land Over a period of time, however, many small farmers had found themselves unable to compete with large, wealthy landowners and had lost their lands. As a result, many of these small farmers drifted to the cities, especially to Rome, forming a large class of landed poor.

29. Marius left a powerful legacy. He had created a new system of military recruitment that placed much power in the hands of the individual generals. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was the next general to take advantage of the new military system. The Senate gave him command of a war in Asia Minor. The council of the plebs tried to transfer command to Marius, and a civil war broke out. Sulla won and seized Rome itself in 82 B.C., conducting a reign of terror to wipe out all opposition. Then Sulla restored power to the hands of the Senate and eliminated most of the power of the popular assemblies. • Sulla hoped that he had created a firm foundation to restore a traditional Roman republic governed by a powerful Senate. His legacy was quite different from what he had intended, however. His example of using an army to seize power would prove most attractive to ambitious men.

30. 3. trimverate 4. Caesar 3. a government by three people with equal power 4. was made dictator of Rome 45 B.C. after the death of Crassus (53 B.C.) in battle and the defeat of Pompey (48 B.C.E.) The Collapse of the Republic: For the next 50 yrs Roman history was characterized by civil wars as a number of individuals competed for power. Three men—Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar emerged as the victors.

31. Caesar was officially made dictator in 45 B.C.E.. A dictator is an absolute ruler. Realzing the need for reforms, Caesar gave land to the poor and increased the Senate to 900 members. By filling it with many of his supporters and increasing the number of members, he weakened the power of the Senate. Caesar planned much more in the way of building projects and military adventures to the east. However, in 44 B.C.E. a group of leading senators assassinated him. • 5. dictator • 6. Caesar assassinated • 5. an absolute ruler • 6. by a group of leading senators in 44 B.C.E. • Lead by Gaius Crassus and his trusted friend Marcus Brutus

32. 7. The Second Triumvirate 7. Octavian (Caesar’s grand-nephew); Antony (Caesar’s ally); Lepidus (commander of Caesar’s cavalry) A new struggle for power followed Caesar’s death. Three men—Octavian Caesar’s heir and grandnephew; Antony, Caesar’s ally and assistant; and Lepidus, who had been commander of Caesar’s cavalry—joined forces to form the Second Triumvirate. Within a few years after Caesar’s death, however, only two men divided the Roman world between them. Octavian took the west; Antony took the east. The empire of the Romans, large as it was, was still too small for two masters. Octavian and Antony soon came into conflict. Antony allied himself with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra VII. Like Caesar before him, Antony had fallen deeply in love with her. At the battle of Actium in Greece in 31 B.C.E., Octavian’s forces smashed the army and the navy of Antony and Cleopatra. Both fled to Egypt, where they committed suicide a year later.

33. Within a few years after Caesar’s death, however, only two men divided the Roman world between them. Octavian took the west and Antony, the east. They soon came into conflict with one another. Antony allied himself with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra VII. They were both defeated by Octavian’s army at the Battle of Actuim in Greece in 31 B.C. Both fled to Egypt, where they committed suicide a year later.

34. DO NOW • WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REPUBLIC AND AN EMPIRE???????? • HOW DOES A NEW ROLE FOR THE ARMY IN ROME CAUSE ROME TO CHANGE FROM A REPUBLIC TO AN EMPIRE???? • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 157-158 IN THE SECTIONS TITLED “A NEW ROLE FOR THE ARMY” AND “THE COLLAPSE OF THE REPUBLIC”

35. DO NOW • WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REPUBLIC AND AN EMPIRE???????? • HOW DOES A NEW ROLE FOR THE ARMY IN ROME CAUSE ROME TO CHANGE FROM A REPUBLIC TO AN EMPIRE???? • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 133-135 IN THE SECTIONS TITLED “A NEW ROLE FOR THE ROMAN ARMY” AND “THE COLLAPSE OF THE REPUBLIC”

36. The Age of Augustus • In 27 B.C.E., Octavian proclaimed the “restoration of the Republic”. He knew that only traditional republican forms would satisfy the Senate. At the same time, he was aware that the republic could not be fully restored. Although he gave some power to the Senate, Octavian in fact became the first Roman emperor. In 27 B.C.E., the Senate awarded him the title of Augustus “the revered one” a fitting title in view of his power.

37. 8. Octavian (Augustus) (31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) 9. imperator 10. Bad emperors 8. first Roman Emperor “the revered one” 9. commander in chief 10. relatives of Augustus took more power from senate and became corrupt; ex: Nero Octavian became the first Roman Emperor and was titled Augustus. Octavian proclaimed the “restoration of the Republic”. Although he gave some power to the Senate he was aware that the republic could not be fully restored. Augustus proved to be highly popular, but his continuing control of the army was the chief source of his power. The Senate gave Augustus the title imperator, or commander in chief. Imperator gave us our word emperor.

38. DO NOW • READ THE SHORT EXCERPT AT THE TOP OF PAGE 154 ABOUT HANNIBAL. WHO WAS HANNIBAL AND WHAT WAS HIS FATE?

39. DO NOW • WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REPUBLIC AND AN EMPIRE???????? • HOW DOES ROME CHANGE FROM A REPUBLIC TO AN EMPIRE????

40. DO NOW • WHY DID THE ROMAN DEFEAT IN GERMANY DEVASTATE AUGUSTUS? • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 159 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE AGE OF AUGUSTUS”

41. 11. PaxRomana (27 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) 12. extent of the empire 11. Roman peace; lead by the Five Good Emperors 12. covered about three and a half million square miles; population estimated at more than 50 million At the beginning of the second century, a series of five so-called good emperors came to power. Created a period of peace and prosperity known as the PaxRomana. These rulers treated the ruling class with respect, ended arbitrary executions, maintained peace in the empire, and supported domestic policies generally helpful to the empire. By adopting capable men as their sons and successors, the first four good emperors reduced the chances of succession problems.

42. 13. economic and social conditions 13. farming; trade and commerce Internal peace led to high levels of trade throughout the entire empire. Trade went beyond Roman boarders. Included even silk goods from China The early empire was a period of much prosperity, with internal peace leading to high levels of trade. Trade went beyond the Roman frontiers as well and included even silk goods from China. Large quantities of grain were imported, especially from Egypt, to feed the people of Rome. Luxury items poured in to satisfy the wealthy upper classes.

43. Roman Empire: Trade and ExpansionHeight of the Roman Empire, C.E. 200

44. Rome’s economic prosperity • Despite the active trade and commerce, however, farming remained the chief occupation of most people and the underlying basis of Roman prosperity. Large landed estates called latifundia dominated farming in southern and central Italy. These estates raised sheep and cattle on a large scale using mostly slave labor. Small peasant farms continued to exist in northern Italy.

45. An enormous gulf separated rich and poor in Roman society. The upper class lived lives of great leisure and luxury in their villas and on their vast estates. Small farmers often became dependent on the huge estates of their wealthy neighbors. In the cities, many poor citizens worked in shops and markets. Thousands of unemployed people depended on the emperor’s handouts of grain to survive. • 14. latifundia • 14. large landed estates which raised sheep and cattle on a large scale using mostly slave labor

46. ASSIGNMENTS: • Homework pages 162 #’s 4-6 due wed (11/26) • Intervening quiz tomorrow (11/25) • Project is due (tue 12/2)

47. DO NOW • OPEN YOUR BOOKS TO PAGE 166-167 TO THE SECTION THE WAY IT WAS: SPORTS & CONTESTS. READ THE SECTION AND ANSWER THE TWO FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. • 1. WHAT WAS THE APPEAL OF GLADIATORIAL CONTESTS? • 2. EXPLAIN HOW THE GAMES SATISFIED THE RULING CLASSES POLITICAL PURPOSES.

48. The Roman’s excelled in architecture, a highly practical art. Although they continued to use Greek styles such as colonnades and rectangular buildings, the Romans also used forms based on curved lines: the arch, the vault and dome. The Romans were the first people in antiquity to use concrete on a massive scale. Using concrete along with the new architectural forms made it possible for the Romans to construct huge buildings undreamed of by the Greeks. • The remarkable engineering skills of the Romans were also put to use in constructing roads, bridges, and aqueducts. The Romans built a network of some 50,000 miles of roads throughout the empire. In Rome, almost a dozen aqueducts kept a population of one million supplied with water. The Romans were superb builders.

49. 1. Roman Architecture 1. were the first to use concrete on a massive scales (roads, bridges, and aqueducts) Aqueducts kept a population of one million supplied with water. Section 3: Culture and Society in the Roman World

50. Roman Colosseum