Unit 6: Learning (Conditioning)

1. Unit 6: Learning (Conditioning) John Watson I. Pavlov Classical Conditioning A. Bandura B.F. Skinner Observational Learning Operant Conditioning

2. dog drool & bell Baby Albert pigeon reward & punishment BoBo Doll learning by watching

3. Unit 6 Overview • What is Learning? • Classical Conditioning • Operant Conditioning • Learning by Observation

4. How Do We Learn?

5. Introduction “Learning breeds hope.” something learned should have staying power • Learning • relatively permanent behavior change due to experience know learning occurred b/c behavior changed results from direct or indirect experience

6. Objective 1: What are some basic forms of learning? Learn by association -learn to anticipate events / predict the immediate future (associative learning)

7. Classical Conditioning

8. Classical Conditioning

9. Classical Conditioning

10. Classical Conditioning

11. Classical Conditioning

12. Habits • Habits form when we repeat behaviors in a given context. • As behavior is associated with the context, our next experience automatically triggers the behavior • smoking animals?

13. Two Main Forms Of Learning stimulus – anything that brings about a response • Classical conditioning • learn to link 2+ stimuli & anticipated events • Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) • John B. Watson (1913) • Operant Conditioning • learn to associate a response (our behavior ) with its consequence • repeat rewarded behavior

14. Objective 2: How does classical conditioning demonstrate associative learning • Ivan Pavlov • Background • Experimental procedure

15. Pavlov’s Experiments • Parts of Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned stimulus (US) • Unconditioned response (UR) • Conditioned stimulus (CS) • Conditioned response (CR)

16. Pavlov’s Experiments

17. Pavlov’s Experiments NS

18. Pavlov’s Experiments

19. Pavlov’s Experiments

20. Classical Conditioning

21. Classical Conditioning

22. Classical Conditioning

23. Objective 3: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization & discrimination • Acquisition • The initial stage of association between NS & US • NS presented ½ -1 sec BEFORE CS

24. Pavlov’s ExperimentsExtinction and Spontaneous Recovery • Extinction • The lessening of a CR due to no longer pairing the US and CS

25. Spontaneous recovery • Only happens after extinction has occurred

26. Pavlov’s ExperimentsGeneralization • Generalization • stimuli similar to CS elicit same response • happens quite automatically • adaptive

27. Pavlov’s ExperimentsDiscrimination • Discrimination • learned ability to distinguish between CS and other irrelevant stimuli • results from overtraining

28. Nurse says, “now this won’t hurt a bit” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next time you hear “this won’t hurt a bit” you cringe in fear The aroma of cookies baking makes your mouth water. You have a meal at a fast food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see a sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseous. NS= US= UR= CR= CS=

29. The aroma of cookies baking makes your mouth water. unlearned unconditioned natural + NS= US= UR= mouth water taste of cookies smell of cookies smell of cookies CR= CS= mouth water http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwBQIhg6CvE Cough & tickle – start at 30 secs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QDM Conditioning Dwight

30. Nurse says, “now this won’t hurt a bit” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next time you hear “this won’t hurt a bit” you cringe in fear + NS= US= UR= cringe Needle stabbing This won’t hurt a bit This won’t hurt a bit CR= cringe CS= http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwBQIhg6CvE Cough & tickle – start at 30 secs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QDM Conditioning Dwight

31. You have a meal at a fast food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see a sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseous. + NS= US= UR= nauseous Bad food sign sign CR= CS= nauseous http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwBQIhg6CvE Cough & tickle – start at 30 secs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QDM Conditioning Dwight

32. In classical conditioning, the _________ signals the impending occurrence of the ______. • US UR • UR CR • CS US • CR UR • NS NR CS US food / drool drool / drool bell / food drool / drool no NR = eliminate

33. NS= US= UR= CR= CS=

34. Extending Pavlov’s UnderstandingObjective 5: (p. 223)Do cognition and biological constraints affect classical conditioning • Rescorla & Wagner believed that the predictability of the CS determined whether classical conditioning occurred. • Predictability (expectancy) is a cognitive process requiring thought to occur • Martin Seligman • Learned Helplessness • John Garcia • Biological constraints • Biologically prepared to learn certain responses that help us adapt • color red taste aversion secondary disgust

35. Pavlov’s LegacyApplications of Classical Conditioning • John Watson and Baby Albert http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE Little Albert

36. Pavlov’s LegacyWhy should we care about dogs drooling? • Classical conditioning applies to other organisms • Showed how to study a topic scientifically