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THE AGE OF IMPERILAISM

THE WORLD AND THE UNITED STATES. THE AGE OF IMPERILAISM. WORLD HISTORY UNIT. AMERICAN AND WORLD IMPERIALISM 1867-1914. IMPERIALISM.

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THE AGE OF IMPERILAISM

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  1. THE WORLD AND THE UNITED STATES THE AGE OF IMPERILAISM

  2. WORLD HISTORY UNIT • AMERICAN AND WORLD IMPERIALISM • 1867-1914

  3. IMPERIALISM • Imperialism- when a country extends their power and influence over other countries; may acquire new territories or just exert their influence over another country • THE WORLD STARTED AN IMPERIALISM RACE. GREAT BRITAIN HAD COLONIES ON EVERY CONTINENT. THEY BOASTED THE SUN NEVER SETS ON THE BRITISH EMPIRE. • A COLONIAL RACE STARTED WITH NATIONS AGRESSIVELY TAKING OVER COLONIES. • GAMES THAT ILLUSTRATE IMPERIALISM—CHESS, CHECKERS, MONOPOLY • WORDS TO DESCRIBE IMPERIALISM: CONQUER, ATTACK, RULE, CLAIM, HARSH, CHANGE

  4. WHAT IS IMPERIALISM? • IMPERIALISM IS………… • A. It is the quest for colonial empires. • B. It is when a country extends their power • and/or authority over other lands or • territories. • It is the practice of establishing and controlling colonies.

  5. Why do countries become imperialistic? • A. For Economic Purposes • --To gain control over lands that were not colonized. • -- Factories needed more supplies due to the Industrial • Revolution which in turn made countries need more raw • materials AND natural resources. • -- To expand trade and their economy. • B. For Military Reasons • -- New inventions, such as the repeating rifles and machine guns, • made warfare and conquering lands easier. • - Countries would take over lands FOR NAVAL AND MILITARY • bases • -- Countries would take over lands to create stations.

  6. Why do countries become imperialistic? • C. For Humanitarian Purposes --Many individuals felt that it was their moral duty to spread Christianity. • D. For Nationalistic reasons --Nationalism is a devotion to one’s nation. --To gain control over lands that were not colonized. --To expand the economy of a nation.

  7. 2 stages of imperialism • Old v. New Imperialism: The 2 Phases of Imperialism • A. Old Imperialism occurred during the 1400’s and 1500’s. Great Britain, France, Spain, the Netherlands and Portugal were all racing to become colonial powers. • B. New Imperialism occurred during the 1800’s—primarily the late 1800’s. Belgium, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States joined the original imperialist.

  8. THE UNITED STATES AND THE FAR EAST • Since 1895 Japan and the European powers had been forcing China to surrender leased territories and had been establishing large additional spheres of economic influence. • In 1899 Secretary of State John Hay stated traditional American policy in a fresh manner. • Partly at the prompting of American commercial interests, he addressed identical notes to the six leading powers, asking them to affirm equal treatment for foreign commerce within their spheres of interest in China. • Though the answers were ambiguous, Hay announced that the world had accepted this Open Door Policy.

  9. IMPERIALISM IN CHINA • China- Americans went to China in the 1800s as missionaries to spread Christianity. These missionaries believed that is was their moral duty to help Christianize the Chinese people. Many Chinese resented these foreigners telling them that their religion was false and so a secret society formed, called “Righteous Harmony Fists” or “Boxers”, and they murdered over 200 missionaries in China. This event was called the Boxer Rebellion. • China- For years, China had been closed off to trade with the rest of the world. Then, in the mid-late 1800s, China

  10. CHINA AND IMPERIALISM • opened it doors to trade with foreign countries. Germany, France, Great Britain, and Russia eagerly proposed a trading policy called the “spheres of influence”. This policy allowed only these countries to trade in China. Each country was given a “sphere” or section of China where they could conduct trade. The US did not agree to this policy because we were not included. As a result, a US official (John Hay) came up with the “Open Door Policy” which said that all countries could trade in China wherever they wanted to. The other countries did not object so Hay and the Americans assumed that the other countries must have agreed to the new policy.

  11. FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN, GERMANY, JAPAN AND RUSSIS CARVE OUT SPHERES OF INFLUENCE IN CHINA. • SECTIONS OF A MARKET CARVED OUT AND CLAIMED BY A SPECIFIC COUNTRY.

  12. THE UNITED STATES AND THE FAR EAST • In 1900 when the anti-foreign Boxer Rebellion endangered the lives of foreigners in Peking, the United States joined an international rescue expedition. • At this time Hay broadened the Open Door Policy by sending a second note affirming American support of Chinese territorial integrity and calling for commercial equality in all parts of the Chinese empire, not just the spheres of influence.

  13. Boxer Rebellion

  14. THE UNITED STATES AND THE FAR EAST • Foreign relations inevitably brought the United States closer to Great Britain. • During the war with Spain, when most European countries had opposed the United States, Great Britain had given support. • Like the United States, Great Britain had wanted the status quo maintained in the Far East as well as the Caribbean and welcomed help in achieving this objective.

  15. THE UNITED STATES AND THE FAR EAST • In many American circles, especially in the eastern upper class, the turn of the century saw a revival of sentiment for British friendship on cultural and even racial grounds. • The pro-British tendency was not shared, however, by those Americans who opposed British policies in Ireland, India, and South Africa and who still thought of England as the stronghold of monarchy and aristocracy.

  16. Did we follow his advice? • President George Washington’s Farewell Address reminded Americans that he was an isolationists and that entangling alliances would drag the new nation into unnecessary wars. Isolationism is when countries avoid • political entanglements in other nation’s affairs, as well as, alliances.

  17. End of isolation • The Monroe Doctrine was established in 1823 by President James Monroe. He said that European nations needed to stay in their hemisphere. He stressed that Europe need not try to come and colonize in the Americas. He agreed to stay out of their hemisphere if they would stay out of the Americas. This made the United States the protector of the Americas and set the stage for the United States to become the international police. 20 years later, James K. Polk embraced Monroe’s views and made them the cornerstone of his foreign policy. James K. Polk was very involved in the Age of Manifest Destiny.

  18. Imperialism within USA The Age of Manifest Destiny occurred between 1830-1860. Manifest Destiny is a belief that the United States should expand past the original 13 colonies. This belief stated that the United States should expand from “sea to shining sea.” This philosophy created tension because the constitution did not grant the United States president the direct power of expansion. This philosophy would eventually grow from expansion within the United States to overseas. The United States went through a period of economic and territorial expansion. During this period the following territories were added to the United States: Texas, Oregon, California, New Mexico, and Arizona. The United States tried to purchase Cuba from Spain but was unsuccessful. This gradual progression of new territories made expansionism explode. This encouraged Americans to deviate away from isolationism.

  19. The United States’ policy of acting as an international police force in the Western Hemisphere can be traced back to the early 1900s and the — A Marshall Plan. B Roosevelt Corollary. C Open Door Notes. D Dawes Plan.

  20. THE PROGRESSIVE ERA AND WORLD WAR I • On September 6, 1901, President William McKinley was shot by an anarchist. • When he died a week later, Theodore Roosevelt became President. • This event is often taken to be the beginning of a new period of progressive reform which lasted until World War I.

  21. FOREIGN AFFAIRS • Reasons for America’s Turn to Imperialism • Following the Civil War, and especially in the 1890s, the United States began to extend its control over weaker nations in the Caribbean, Central America, South America, and the Pacific. • One reason for this turn to imperialism involved the growth of American industry. Industrialists began to look abroad for new sources of raw materials, for additional markets for manufactured goods, and for places to invest surplus capital.

  22. FOREIGN AFFAIRS • Another reason for the turn to imperialism was the closing of the frontier in 1890. • American manufacturers and investors had to look beyond the United States for economic opportunities.

  23. FOREIGN AFFAIRS • The European powers were engaged in imperialist ventures, and this set an example for the United States.

  24. FOREIGN AFFAIRS • Expansionists in America urged that the United States assume its rightful place as a great power by embarking upon a policy of imperialism. • Most influential were the lectures and writings of Captain Alfred Mahan. In his book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, Mahan urged the United States to expand foreign markets, to maintain a powerful navy, and to acquire overseas bases. • One of his strongest supporters was Theodore Roosevelt.

  25. FIRST ACQUISITIONS • The United States purchased Alaska in 1867. • Russia proposed to sell Alaska to the United States, and Secretary of State William Seward agreed to the purchase. • Seward’s reasons for acceptance were gratitude to Russia for her support of the Union during the Civil War and a desire to reduce foreign possessions in North America. • Many people thought “Seward’s Folly”was a waste of $7.2 million. • Alaska received the status of an incorporated territory in 1912 as a step toward statehood. • In 1959 Alaska became the 49th state.

  26. FIRST ACQUISITIONS • The Samoan Islands in the South Pacific served American merchant ships as supply harbors and coaling stations. • Starting in 1872 the harbor of Pago Pago came under American control. • In 1899 several of the islands were formally annexed to the United States. • Also in the 19th century, the United States annexed the Central Pacific island of Midway. • Today American Midway and Samoa are American colonies and provide the United States with naval and air bases.

  27. Samoan Islands

  28. Midway

  29. FIRST ACQUISITIONS • Hawaii served American merchant ships as a supply and refueling station. • It drew American missionaries who converted the natives to Christianity, and it attracted American investors in sugar plantations. • Almost all the sugar grown in Hawaii was sold to the United States.

  30. Hawaii

  31. Queen Liliuokalani • THE • HAWAIIAN • QUEEN

  32. FIRST ACQUISITIONS • In 1893 revolutionaries, consisting mainly of American settlers, overthrew the anti-American native Queen Liliuokalani. • A temporary republic was established in Hawaii, and United States recognition was sought. • President Cleveland, who believed that most native Hawaiians preferred independence, delayed annexation. • In 1898, however, with McKinley in the White House, the United States annexed Hawaii by a joint resolution of Congress.

  33. The acquisition of the Hawaiian Islands in 1898 was a result of United States — A Imperialism. B Progressivism. C Socialism. D Isolationism.

  34. Americans in the late 19th century who favored the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands MOST commonly supported their position by pointing out Hawaii’s — A rich mineral resources. B highly skilled population. C industrial strength. D strategic location.

  35. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • Americans had long been interested in the Spanish colony of Cuba. • They recognize Cuba’s strategic location and its importance as a key defense base. • Americans were afraid that someday it would pass into stronger European hands. • Before the Civil War, some Southerners wanted to annex Cuba as another slave state. • During and immediately after the Civil War, American interest in Cuba subsided.

  36. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • Spanish rule was despotic. • The Cubans were denied civil liberties. • They were forced to pay heavy taxes. • Rebellions were suppressed. • In 1876, after a lengthy insurrection, the Spanish promised some reforms. • Ten years later, Spain finally abolished slavery but still denied the Cubans self-government. • In 1895, as a depression hit the island, Spain faced another Cuban revolt for independence.

  37. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • There were several important causes of the war with Spain. • Humanitarianism was one. • Americans sympathized with the desire of the Cuban people for independence. • They were outraged when Spain’s General Weyler placed Cuban civilians in concentration camps to prevent them from aiding the revolution. Many died in the camps.

  38. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • America’s economic interest in Cuba was a factor leading to war. • American merchants traded with Cuba to the amount of $100 million a year. • American investors had placed $50 million in Cuban sugar and tobacco plantations. • Trade with Cuba suffered from unsettled conditions. • Many American investors were concerned, but others feared that war with Spain would destroy their property and lead to laws harmful to their interests.

  39. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • The newspapers of the period helped stir up a revolt. • The yellow press—especially William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World—sought to increase circulation by sensational news from Cuba.

  40. JOSEPH PULITZER & WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST • YELLOW JOURNALIST

  41. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • Journalists exaggerated stories of Spanish atrocities and falsified news pictures while playing down atrocities by the Cuban revolutionaries. • The yellow press also gave sensational treatment to the De Lome Letter. • Written by the Spanish minister in Washington to a friend in Cuba and stolen from the Havana post office, this private letter belittled President McKinley as a weak, incompetent politician.

  42. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • The immediate cause of the war was the sinking of the Maine. • This battleship, visiting in Havana, was blown up with a loss of 260 American lives. • The cause of the explosion remains unknown, but the American people placed the blame on Spain. • They were goaded into war by the yellow press and by the jingoists, men who boasted of the nation’s strength and wanted an overseas empire.

  43. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • President McKinley had sought to avert war and urged Americans to remain calm regarding Cuba. • With the sinking of the Maine, however, he demanded that Spain proclaim an armistice, end the concentration camps, and negotiate with the rebels. • Although Spain’s reply was conciliatory, McKinley finally yielded to American public sentiment for war.

  44. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • At his request, Congress approved the use of armed forces in Cuba. • Congress also recognized the independence of Cuba and, in the Teller Resolution, declared that the United States would not annex Cuba but would leave “control of the island to its people.”

  45. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • With “Remember the Maine!” as their battle cry, American forces swept quickly and easily to victory. • One of the earliest victories was that of Commodore George Dewey in Manila Bay. • Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt had taken advantage of his superior’s temporary absence to direct Dewey two months earlier to be thoroughly prepared for action. • Dewey moved into Manila Bay and without losing a single man sank the whole Spanish fleet of ten ships.

  46. The Maine • REMEMBER THE MAINE

  47. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • In the Caribbean, American naval forces destroyed the Spanish fleet at Santiago, Cuba. • Meanwhile, American forces captured the city after a battle famed for the heroic dash up San Juan Hill by Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders.

  48. “Remember the Maine” is a memorable slogan and rallying cry in American history. The slogan symbolizes the onset of which of the following wars? A World War I B Spanish-American War C World War II D Korean War

  49. AMERICANS AT WAR IN CUBA

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