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EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DESK. PRESENTS. THE NITTY-GRITTY OF CLOUD COMPUTING. By Pressman AKOJE COURAGE ANONE. Contents. Scope and Objectives. Scope
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EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DESK PRESENTS THE NITTY-GRITTY OF CLOUD COMPUTING By Pressman AKOJE COURAGE ANONE
Scope and Objectives Scope This study tries to give a general overview of the concept of cloud computing which comprises of the origin, definition. terminologies and other basic ideas about the concept. Objectives At the end of this discussion, listeners ought have enrich themselves with the fundamentals of the concept “ Cloud Computing” which will go along way in contributing to the level of human capital development in the society.
Origin The idea of computing in a “cloud” traces back to the origins of utility computing, a concept that computer scientist John McCarthy publicly proposed in 1961: “If computers of the kind I have advocated become the computers of the future, then computing may someday be organized as a public utility just as the telephone system is a public utility. … The computer utility could become the basis of a new and important industry.” The general public has been leveraging forms of Internet-based computer utilities since the mid-1990s through various incarnations of search engines (Yahoo!, Google), e-mail services (Hotmail, Gmail), open publishing platforms (MySpace, Facebook, YouTube), and other types of social media (Twitter, LinkedIn). Though consumer-centric, these services popularized and validated core concepts that form the basis of modern-day cloud computing.
Origin Contd. In 2002, Amazon.com launched the Amazon Web Services (AWS) platform, a suite of enterprise-oriented services that provide remotely provisioned storage, computing resources, and business functionality. It wasn until 2006 that the term “cloud computing” emerged in the commercial arena. It was during this time that Amazon launched its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) services that enabled organizations to “lease” computing capacity and processing power to run their enterprise applications.
Definition The definition that received industry-wide acceptance was composed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): “Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. You must not understand the grammar anyway
Basic Concepts and Terminologies Cloud A cloud refers to a distinct IT environment that is designed for the purpose of remotely provisioning scalable and measured IT resources. It originated as a metaphor for the Internet which is, in essence, a network of networks providing remote access to a set of decentralized IT resources. As a specific environment used to remotely provision IT resources, a cloud has a finite boundary.. Whereas the Internet provides open access to many Web-based IT resources,. Figure 1.0 A symbol of cloud
Basic Concepts and Terminologies Contd. IT Resource An IT resource is a physical or virtual IT-related artifact that can be either software-based, such as a virtual server or a custom software program, or hardware-based, such as a physical server or a network device. Figure 1.1 A cloud is hosting eight IT resources: three virtual servers, two cloud services, and three storage devices.
Basic Concepts and Terminologies Contd. Cloud Consumers and Cloud Providers The party that provides cloud-based IT resources is the cloud provider,while the party that uses cloud-based IT resources is the cloud consumer. Scaling • Scaling, from an IT resource perspective, represents the ability of the IT resource to handle increased or decreased usage demands. The following are types of scaling: • Horizontal Scaling– scaling out and scaling in • Vertical Scaling – scaling up and scaling down
Basic Concepts and Terminologies Contd. The horizontal allocation of resources is referred to as scaling out and the horizontal releasing of resources is referred to as scaling in. WHILE in Vertical Scaling,the replacingofan IT resource with another that has a higher capacity is referred to as scaling upand the replacing an IT resource with another that has a lower capacity is considered scaling down. I’m sure you got that anyway.
Basic Concepts and Terminologies Contd. Diagrammatical Representations; An IT resource (Virtual Server A) is scaled out by adding more of the same IT resources (Virtual Servers B and C).
Basic Concepts and Terminologies Contd. Cloud Service Although a cloud is a remotely accessible environment, not all IT resources residing within a cloud can be made available for remote access. A cloud service is any IT resource that is made remotely accessible via a cloud.
Basic Concepts and Terminologies Contd. Cloud Service Consumer The cloud service consumer is a temporary runtime role assumed by a software program when it accesses a cloud service. Common types of cloud service consumers can include software programs and services capable of remotely accessing cloud services with published service contracts, as well as workstations, laptops and mobile devices running software capable of remotely accessing other IT resources positioned as cloud services. software program service
Kinds of Cloud Public Cloud Public clouds are owned and operated by third parties; they deliver superior economies of scale to customers, as the infrastructure costs are spread among a mix of users, giving each individual client an attractive low-cost, “Pay-as-you-go” model. All customers share the same infrastructure pool with limited configuration, security protections, and availability variances.
Kinds of Cloud Contd. Private Cloud Private clouds are built exclusively for a single enterprise. They aim to address concerns on data security and offer greater control, which is typically lacking in a public cloud. Hybrid Cloud Hybrid Clouds combine both public and private cloud models. With a Hybrid Cloud, service providers can utilize 3rd party Cloud Providers in a full or partial manner thus increasing the flexibility of computing. I’m sure you will go for hybrid…
Goals and Benefits • Reduced Cost The billing model is pay as per usage; the infrastructure is not purchased thus lowering maintenance. Initial expense and recurring expenses are much lower than traditional computing. • Increased Storage With the massive Infrastructure that is offered by Cloud providers today, storage & maintenance of large volumes of data is a reality. Sudden workload spikes are also managed effectively & efficiently, since the cloud can scale dynamically.
Goals and Benefits Contd. • Flexibility With enterprises having to adapt, even more rapidly, to changing business conditions, speed to deliver is critical. Cloud computing stresses on getting applications to market very quickly, by using the most appropriate building blocks necessary for deployment.
Goals and Benefits Contd. • Increased Availability and Reliability The availability and reliability of IT resources are directly associated with tangible business benefits. Outages limit the time an IT resource can be “open for business” for its customers, thereby limiting its usage and revenue generating potential. Runtime failures that are not immediately corrected can have a more significant impact during high-volume usage periods.
Risk and Challenges Data Protection Enterprises are reluctant to buy an assurance of business data security from vendors. They fear losing data to competition and the data confidentiality of consumers. In many instances, the actual storage location is not disclosed, adding onto the security concerns of enterprises. In the cloud model, Service providers are responsible for maintaining data security and enterprises would have to rely on them.
Risk and Challenges Contd. Management Capabilities Despite there being multiple cloud providers, the management of platform and infrastructure is still in its infancy. Features like „Auto-scaling‟ for example, are a crucial requirement for many enterprises. There is huge potential to improve on the scalability and load balancing features provided today.
Risk and Challenges Contd. Regulatory and Compliance Restrictions In some of the European countries, Government regulations do not allow customer's personal information and other sensitive information to be physically located outside the state or country. In order to meet such requirements, cloud providers need to setup a data center or a storage site exclusively within the country to comply with regulations. Having such an infrastructure may not always be feasible and is a big challenge for cloud providers.
Way Forward for Nigeria Without doubt, cloud computing has contributed tremendously to the knowledge base of humanity as well as making life worthwhile across the globe especially in advanced countries. Therefore it is time for our dear country Nigeria to wake up from her slumber and embrace this advancement in technology by strengthening various IT institutions with the needed infrastructures as well as collaborate with these advanced countries so as to make this country a better place for us and for the future generations.
