Trace Minerals and Phytochemicals Presentation

1. Trace Minerals and Phytochemicals Presentation By: Jennifer Lindsey Meagan Kahelia

2. Trace Minerals • Iron • Zinc • Copper • Cromium • Selenium • Iodine • Phytochemical

3. Iron(Fe)

4. Iron Functions • Assistance in the transport of oxygen throughout body to tissues and muscles • Component of certain enzymes • Examples: • Cytochromes • Part of the antioxidant enzyme system that fights free radicals

5. Hemoglobin • Hemoglobin transports oxygen through the blood stream to tissues. • Iron is a component of Hemoglobin • Iron binds to the oxygen in our blood stream • Iron releases the oxygen to the tissues

6. Myoglobin • Similar to Hemoglobin but is found in the muscle cells • Iron is also a component of Myoglobin • Iron binds to the oxygen and transports it into the muscle cells

7. Cytochromes • This enzyme assists in energy production within the body • Cytochromes are an electron carrier within the metabolic pathways

8. Food Sources for Iron • Iron is not produced by the body so it must be consumed via food or supplementation • Good sources of Iron in foods are: • Red meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, leaf vegetables, tofu, chickpeas, black eyed peas, potatoes with skin

9. Two Types of Iron Found in Foods • Heme Iron • This type of Iron is part of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin • It is only found in animal based food products • Non-heme Iron • This type of Iron is not part of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin • It is found in animal based foods and plant based foods

10. Heme and Non-Heme Iron Cont. • Heme Iron is more absorbable than non-heme Iron • Heme Iron and Vitamin C increase the absorbability factor of non-heme foods

11. Recommended Dietary Intake • Men 19 years and older 8 mg/day • Women 19 to 50 18 mg/day • Women 51 years and older 8 mg/day • Iron consumption needs are high from ages 19 to 50 in women because of menstruation • Pregnant Women 27 mg/day • The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for 19 years and older is 45 mg/day for male and females

12. Iron Overdose • Symptoms: • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, confusion and rapid heartbeat • If Iron toxicity is not reduced quickly significant damage can occur to the heart, central nervous system, liver, and kidneys. Death could even be a result.

13. Hereditary Disease • Hemochromatosis • The body absorbs excessive amounts of dietary iron • Accumulation of iron results in cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, heart attack, diabetes and arthritis • Men have a higher risk of the disease • Treatment • Reducing dietary intake of Iron, avoiding high intake of Vitamin C and withdrawing blood

14. Iron Deficiency • Anemia • The blood does not contain enough Hemoglobin to transport oxygen to tissues in the body • Symptoms: • Fatigue, pale skin, lowered immune system, impaired cognitive and nerve function and impaired memory

15. Anemia Treatment • Iron supplementation • Increase intake of Vitamin C • Consume goats milk instead of cows milk • Certain foods inhibit absorption of Iron so these foods should be either avoided or consumed infrequently • Examples: vegetable proteins, calcium, tannins, legumes, rice, oregano, red wine

16. Facts • 2/3rds of all Iron in body is in Hemoglobin • Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world • 20% of all women of child rearing age are anemic • 2% of men have anemia • 75% of teenagers have anemia

17. Zinc(Zn)

18. Zinc Functions • Assists in the production of Hemoglobin • Part of the antioxidant enzyme system that fights against free radicals • Assists in generating energy from Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins • Assists in activating Vitamin A in the retina of the eye

19. Zinc Functions Continued… • Also plays a role in facilitating the folding of proteins into biologically active molecules used in gene regulation • Critical for cell replication and normal growth • Important for proper development and functioning of the immune system • Helps maintain sense of taste and smell • Needed for DNA synthesis

20. Food Sources for Iron • Zinc is not produced by the body so it must be consumed via food or supplementation • Good Sources of Zinc in food are: • Red meat, some seafood, beans, nuts, whole grains, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, whole grains

21. Recommended Dietary Intake • Men 19 and older 11 mg/day • Women 19 and older 8 mg/day • The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for 19 years and older is 40 mg/day for male and females

22. Zinc Toxicity • Does not occur from eating high amounts of dietary zinc • Toxicity occurs from consuming supplements and fortified foods • Symptoms: • Intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, headache, lowered immune system, reduction in HDL and interferes with copper and iron absorption

23. Zinc Deficiency • Uncommon in the U.S. • Common in countries that consume mostly grain based foods • Symptoms: • Growth retardation, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation and impotence, eye and skin lesions, hair loss, impaired appetite, increase in infections and illnesses and mental lethargy

24. Zinc Deficiency Treatment • Zinc Supplementation • Consuming foods high in Zinc

25. Zinc Facts • 30 to 50% of alcoholics are deficient in Zinc • You can purchase Zinc lozenges when sick which may reduce the length of a cold

26. Copper(Cu) A trace mineral that functions as a cofactor in many physiological reactions

27. Copper functions in the body: • Cofactor in the metabolic pathways • Increases production of collagen and elasticity. • Part of enzyme system that combats free radicals. • Regulates neurotransmitters important to brain function

28. Dietary needs • Present in our bodies from conception, copper helps form a developing infant’s heart, skeletal and nervous systems, as well as arteries and blood vessels • Easy to obtain in a varied of diet • Deficiency is rare • Low dietary intakes of copper absorb more copper than people with high dietary intakes

29. Food Sources for Copper • Beef liver • Oysters • Lobster • Shitake mushrooms • Trail Mix • Pork and Beans • Cashew nuts • Garbanzo Beans • Lentils

30. RDA • RDA for men and women • 900 ug/day • UL • 10 mg/day

31. Copper Deficiency • Occurs most commonly in infants • Someone with a disorder that impairs absorption of nutrients • High intake of zinc or iron, can decrease absorption of copper

32. Symptoms Fatigue Bleeding under the skin Damage to blood vessels Enlarged heart Diagnosis Based on symptoms Blood tests that detect low levels -Copper -Ceruplasmin

33. Treatment of Deficiency • Copper works with potassium and calcium when patients do exhibit low copper levels, then calcium and potassium are frequently on the low side as well.   • Taking a 3mg copper pill for one or two months, or less, is all that is needed for an adult to normalize any copper deficiency.

34. Copper Excess • Any copper not bound to a protein is toxic - Acidic food or beverages contaminated • Consuming small amounts can cause -nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea • Consuming large amounts can cause -damage to the kidneys, inhibit urine production, cause anemia, and even death

35. Wilson’s disease • An inherited condition • Causes the body to retain copper • Copper is not excreted by the liver into the bile • If untreated, can lead to brain and liver damage • Studies find that those with mental disorders have heightened levels of copper in their system

36. Chromium(Cr) A mineral humans require in trace amounts

37. Chromium Functions in the Body: • Enhance the action of insulin • Metabolism of glucose • Thyroid function • Hormonal balance • Brain function

38. Dietary needs • Chromium occurs naturally in the environment and is an essential nutrient • Widely distributed in food, • most food supplies only 2mcg per serving • To enhance the mineral’s absorption • Vitamin C • Vitamin B • Once absorbed, it is stored in • Liver • soft tissue • spleen

39. Broccoli Turkey Grape Juice English Muffin Potatoes Garlic Red Wine Basil Dairy products are poor sources Food Sources for Chromium

40. RDA • Dietary intakes cannot be reliably determined because the content of the mineral in foods is substantially affected by agricultural and manufacturing processes • Women • 25 mcg per day • Men • 35 mcg per day 50 to 200 micrograms has been proposed by the National Academy of Sciences.

41. Causes Diets high in simple sugars Infection Acute exercise Pregnancy and lactation Stressful states (physical trauma) Results Inhibits the uptake of glucose by the cells Elevated blood lipid levels Chromium Deficiency

42. To avoid deficiency • To Avoid Deficiency and Maintain a Good Intake of Chromium: • Avoid sugar and sugar products, soda pops, candy, and presweetened breakfast cereals. • Avoid refined, white flour products, such as white breads and crackers. • Use whole wheat products, wheat germ, and/or brewer'syeast. • Eat whole foods. • Take a general supplement that contains chromium, approximately 100-200mcg daily.

43. What are supplemental sources of chromium used for? • Type 2 diabetes and glucose intolerance • Lipid metabolism • Body weight and composition

44. Fun Facts • Chromium & Copper:  These two elements are the most important nutrients next to calcium and magnesium for their anti-inflammatory properties.  They are considered essential to human health. • Chronically elevatedcopper levels in most patients may result from one-sided diets that lack co-factors, or from the fact that many copper-rich foods are somewhat addictive, such as cocoa/chocolate, coffee or tea • Tissue concentrations ofchromiumvary considerably in people from different parts of the world, people living in Asia for example being up to five times higher compared to those in people living in the United States.   -These higher chromium levels may be one reason for a lower incidence of diabetes or bone loss in these regions or countries.

45. Selenium

46. Function in Our Bodies • Trace element nutrient • Functions as a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes called glutathione peroxidases and thioredoxin reductase • Helps regulate thyroid function • Essential to good health • Helps protect body from poisonous effects of heavy metals • Assists in making antioxidant enzymes, which prevent cell damage • Shown to improve production of sperm

47. Cont’d Functions • Works with Vitamin E as an antioxidant to help prevent cancer and heart disease • Helps maintain elasticity in tissue • Protects against cataracts and macular degeneration • Fights viral infections • Helps in treatment and prevention of dandruff

48. Is it Synthesized? • No, our bodies do not produce selenium • We must obtain selenium in our diets

49. Food Sources • Plant foods are the richest dietary source • The content in foods depends on the content of the soil where the plants or animals were raised • Animals that eat grains or plants grown in selenium rich soil will have more selenium in their muscles • Can be found in meats, seafood, nuts, cereals, fish, eggs, bread, broccoli, dairy, fruit

50. Cont’d Food Sources