The Trace Minerals

1. The Trace Minerals Lailatul Muniroh,SKM.,M.Kes Department of Nutritional Health School of Public Health, The University of Airlangga

2. The Trace Minerals • An essential mineral nutrient found in the human body in amounts less than 5 grams, also known as micro minerals

4. Interactions • Excess of one may cause a deficiency of another(a slight of manganese overload, may aggravate iron deficiency) • A deficiency of one may interfere with the work of another(a selenium deficiency halts the activation of the iodine-containing thyroid hormones) • A deficiency of a trace mineral may even open the way for the contaminant mineral to cause a toxic reaction(iron deficiency makes the body vulnerable to lead poisoning)

5. A. Iron • Both too little and too much in the body can be harmful Ferrous iron (reduced): Fe ++ Ferric iron (oxidized): Fe +++ Iron as a Cofactor to enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reaction

6. Functions: • Hemoglobin formation • The iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen • Part of myoglobin • Carries oxygen in the body • Energy utilization

8. Iron Absorption

9. Iron Recycled in the Body

10. Iron deficiency • The Most Common Nutrient Deficiency • Affecting 1.2 billion people • 50% of School Children and Pregnant Women Suffer from Iron Deficiency Anemia (Developing Country) • High Risk : Women in their reproductive year, Pregnant Women, Infants and Young Children, Teenagers

11. Anemia – Kurang Zat Besi Anemia Pucat Tidak Anemia Tidak pucat Tidak AnemiaTidak pucat Anemia Pucat

12. Toxicity Symptoms • Iron overload • Infections • Liver injury • Acidosis • Shock

13. Heme & Nonheme Iron

15. Food Sources • Beef • Clams • Spinach • Green leafy veggies • Beans • Fortified grains

18. RDA of Iron • Men = Women 51+ = 8 mg/day • Women 19-50 = 18 mg/day • Vegetarian RDA = RDA x 1.8 • UL for Adults = 45 mg/day • Young children, 200 mg/day = deadly

21. B. Zinc • Functions: • Needed for protein & enzyme function • Immunity & wound healing • Vitamin A transport • Taste • Fetal development

22. Enteropancreatic Circulation ofZinc

23. Deficiency Symptoms • Growth failure in children • Loss of taste • Poor wound healing • Poor appetite

24. Dwarfism

25. KELAINAN KULIT AKIBAT KEKURANGAN SENG (Zn) Kulit mengelupas

26. Toxicity Symptoms • Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, low HDL, copper and iron deficiency

27. Food Sources • Protein-containing foods: • Meat • Fish & shellfish • Poultry • Grains • Vegetables

30. RDA of Zinc • Men = 11 mg/day • Women = 8 mg/day • UL for Adults = 40 mg/day

31. C. Iodine • Amount of iodine in food is reflected in the soil • Functions: • Part of thyroxine, which regulates metabolism

32. Deficiency symptoms • Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency, malfunction of the gland, or over consumption of a goitrogen. • Cretinism: severe mental & physical retardation of an infant caused by severe iodine deficiency in the mother during pregnancy

33. Goiter

34. GANGGUAN AKIBAT KEKURANGAN YODIUM Kretin

35. Toxicity Symptoms: • Under active thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiter • RDA of Iodine : • Adults = 150 µg/day • Adults = 1100 µg/day

36. iu

37. D. Fluoride • Functions: • Formation of bones & teeth • Helps make teeth resistant to decay • Helps make bones resistant to mineral loss

38. Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms • Deficiency Symptoms: • Tooth decay • Toxicity Symptoms: (rare in humans) • Fluorosis: discoloration of teeth • The first symptom of excess fluoride • Nausea • Vomiting • Diarrhea

40. Food Sources • Drinking water, Tea, Seafood • RDA of Fluoride : • Men = 3.8 mg/day • Women = 3.1 mg/day • UL for Adults = 10 mg/day

41. E. Copper • Functions: • Helps make hemoglobin • Part of several enzymes • Food Sources: • Legumes • Whole grains • Seafood • Nuts

42. Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms • Deficiency Symptoms: (rare in humans) • Anemia • Bone changes (abnormalities) • Toxicity Symptoms: • Nausea • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Liver damage

43. RDA of Copper • Adults = 900 µg/day • UL for Adults = 10 mg/day or equal to 10,000 µg/day

44. F. Manganese • Functions: • Along with enzymes, facilitates many cell processes • Involved in bone formation • Food Sources: • Widely distributed in plant foods

45. Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms • Deficiency Symptoms: • Poor growth • Nervous system disorders • Abnormal reproduction • Toxicity Symptoms: • Poisoning • Nervous system disorders

46. RDA of Manganese • Men = 2.3 mg/day • Women = 1.8 mg/day • UL for Adults = 11 mg/day

47. G. Chromium • Functions: • Enhances insulin’s action • Required for release of energy from glucose • Food Sources: • Meat (especially liver) • Unrefined foods • Brewer’s yeast • Whole grains

48. Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms • Deficiency symptoms: • Abnormal glucose metabolism (Diabetes-like condition) • Toxicity symptoms: • Occupational exposures damage skin & kidneys

49. RDA of Chromium • Men = 35 µg/day • Women = 25 µg/day • UL for Adults = not yet established

50. H. Selenium • Functions: • Protects body from oxidation (antioxidant) • Works with vitamin E • Food Sources: • Seafood • Meats • Grains • Vegetables (depends on soil conditions)