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The Mexico City Air Quality Case Study: MCMA-2003 Field Measurement Campaign

WMO-GURME Workshop, Santiago de Chile October 13-16, 2003. The Mexico City Air Quality Case Study: MCMA-2003 Field Measurement Campaign Mario J. Molina and Luisa T. Molina Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Topographical Map of the MCMA. Population Growth

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The Mexico City Air Quality Case Study: MCMA-2003 Field Measurement Campaign

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  1. WMO-GURME Workshop, Santiago de Chile October 13-16, 2003 The Mexico City Air Quality Case Study: MCMA-2003 Field Measurement Campaign Mario J. Molina and Luisa T. Molina Massachusetts Institute of Technology

  2. Topographical Map of the MCMA • Population Growth • 17.5 million (1999): 20-fold increase since 1900 • Growth projection to 25 million (2010) • Urban Sprawl • 1500 km2 (1999): 10-fold increase since 1960 • Expansion to peripheral areas • Geographic and Topographical Conditions • High altitude (2240m): less efficient combustion processes • Mountains are a physical barrier for winds • 2nd largest mega-city in the world • Temperature inversions in the dry season • Increases in Emissions Sources

  3. Expansion of the MCMA

  4. Trends in criteria pollutant concentrations for the MCMA (averages of data at five RAMA sites: TLA, XAL, MER, PED, and CES)

  5. Trends in criteria pollutant concentrations for the MCMA (averages of data at five RAMA sites: TLA, XAL, MER, PED, and CES)

  6. Integrated Program on Urban, Regional and Global Air Pollution: Mexico City Case Study (Mexico City Air Quality Program) Objective: Provide objective, balanced assessments of the causes and alternative cost-effective solutions to urban, regional and global air pollution problems through quality scientific, technological, social and economic analysis in the face of incomplete data and uncertainty - Use Mexico City as the initial case study - Develop an approach that applies globally - Build on strong base of ongoing basic research

  7. A Framework for Integrated Assessment

  8. Collaborative Research and Education Program Mexican Participants Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo (IMP) Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Universidad de las Americas, Puebla (UDLA) Universidad Iberoamericana (UIA) Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) Instituto Nacional de Ecología (INE); Centro Nacional de Investigación y Capacitación Ambiental (CENICA) Gobierno del Distrito Federal (GDF); Secretaria de Medio Ambiente (SMA) Gobierno del Estado de México, Secretaria de Ecología (SEGEM) Secretaría de Salud (SS) Insituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP) US Participants Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)Washington State University (WSU) Montana State University (MSU) University of Colorado at Boulder (UC) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) Aerodyne Research Inc. (ARI) Department of Energy/Atmospheric Science Program (DOE/ASP) Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Colorado State University (CSU) Pennsylvania State University (PSU) National Science Foundation (NSF) University of California at Riverside (UCR) National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) European Participants Chalmers University, Sweden ETH-ZurichEcole Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne University of Heidelberg Free University of Berlin

  9. Research Agenda A jointly developed and balanced program 1. Development of integrated assessment methodologies 2. Modeling and monitoring photochemical air pollution 3. Linkages between transportation, urban land use and emissions 4. Coupling between urban pollution and global change 5. Health effects / epidemiology studies 6. Identification of public-policy options 7. Evaluation and economic analysis of control strategies 8. Education and capacity building

  10. Summary of the First Phase of the Mexico City Air Quality Program Chapter 1. Air Quality Impacts: A Global and Local Concerns Chapter 2. Cleaning the Air: A Comparative Overview Chapter 3. Forces Driving Pollutant Emissions in the MCMA Chapter 4. Health Benefits of Air Pollution Control Chapter 5. Air Pollution Science in the MCMA: Understanding Source-Receptor Relationships Through Emissions Inventories, Measurements and Modeling Chapter 6. The MCMA Transportation System: Mobility and Air Pollution Chapter 7. Key Findings and Recommendations

  11. Focus of the Second Phase of the • Mexico City Air Quality Program • Systematic development of scientific information, evaluation methodologies and simulation tools in the following areas: • activities that lead to the generation of pollutants in the MCMA (transportation, production of goods and services, degradation of the natural environment, etc.); • dispersion and transformation of atmospheric pollutants (focus on ozone and particles); • evaluation of risks and the effects of pollutants on the population; • cost-benefit analysis of control strategies; • integrated assessment of policy options and priorities for control strategies; • strategies for capacity building.

  12. MCMA-2003 Field Measurement Campaign Science Questions • Emission inventories: • What are the sources of NH3? HCHO? What are their emissions rates? • Are hydrocarbon emissions underestimated? Are NOx emissions overestimated? • Are there significant biogenic emissions, e.g., terpenes? • Chemistry: transformation of emissions in the atmosphere • How is the reduction in NOx and/or HC related to reduction in O3 and PM? • Would reductions in NOx lead to a reduction in nitrate particulates? • What is the impact of reducing ammonia? • How much HCHO is primary vs. secondary (produced photochemically)? • What is the partitioning of NOy (NOx, HNO3, organic nitrates)? • What are the sources and the chemical composition of the fine PM?

  13. MCMA-2003 Field Measurement Campaign Science Questions (cont) • Meteorology: • What is the height of the mixing layer? • How does it evolve with time? • Is there any “carry over” of pollutants from one day to the next? • Do the models satisfactorily predict wind speeds and directions? • Urban-Regional-Global Chemical Transformation: • What are the effective source terms for emissions for global climate models? • What are the roles of aerosols in modifying the local/regional radiative transfer processes and cloud properties?

  14. MCMA-2003 Field Campaign Supersite Instrumentation Supersite Location: CENICA (UAM-Ixtapalapa) • Instrumentation: • CENICA - monitoring station, tethered balloon • RAMA - monitoring station • WSU – VOC sampling • DOE/ PNNL – PTRMS, single particle sampler/analyzer, MFRSBR, RSR • UCB/LBL – Particle sampling apparatus • DOE/Argonne National Lab – PAN, black carbon, olefins, NH3 • Colorado U. – AMS • Penn State – OH and HO2 • IMP – MINIVOLS and MOUDI , aldehyde cartridges • MIT/U. Heidelberg - DOAS • MIT/ Free U. Berlin – LIDAR • MIT – PAHs • UCR – nitro-PAHs, PAHs • EPFL - LIDAR • UNAM – FTIR • Chalmers – FTIR, DOAS • Plus others

  15. Number vs. Mass Model distributions from NARSTO PM Assessment Report

  16. Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) at CENICA • 100% transmission (60-600 nm), aerodynamic sizing, linear mass signal. • Jayne et al., Aerosol Science and Technology 33:1-2(49-70), 2000. • Jimenez et al., J. Geophys. Res.- Atmospheres, 108(D7), 8425, doi:10.1029/ 2001JD001213, 2003.

  17. DSignal Emission Ratio = DSignal/DCO2 “In-plume” sampling indicated by above-ambient CO2 levels Emission perturbed level DCO2 Ambient background level

  18. Mobile Laboratory: Vehicle Chasing

  19. MIT/IUP DOAS equipment on Cenica Roof-top (Hut) • DOAS-1 • L= 960m • H= 16m • BTX, Styrene • Benzaldehyde, Phenol • Naphtalene • NO2, HONO • HCHO, O3, SO2 • DOAS-2 • L= 4420m • H= 70m • HONO, HCHO, O3 • NO2, (NO3) • SO2 • Glyoxal • Radiation: • Spectrometry • Actinic photon flux • (incl. straylight) • -> any J-value • Filterradiometry • J(NO2) East South South-West

  20. MCMA-2003 Field CampaignAdditional Instruments at other Locations • UNAM – FTIR, Single particle black carbon instrument, biogenic emissions • IMP – MINIVOLS and MOUDI , aldehyde cartridges, radiosondes • UAM/ MIT – Pilot balloons • Chalmers – solar occultation flux (mobile lab) • Plus others

  21. Environmental Education and Outreach • Visiting Mexican scholars at MIT • Workshops/symposia on air quality • Professional development courses on air quality for mid-career personnel in the government, industry and academic sectors as well as non-governmental organizations and the media • Masters Program in Environment and Health Management at MIT and Harvard School of Public Health (INE-MIT-Harvard joint program) • Exchange program between MIT and Mexican institutions • Establish the Research and Development Network on Air Quality in Large Cities in Mexico • Web-based activities for senior high school teachers and students (with Monterrey Tech, ITESM)

  22. Collaborative Activities with Latin American Cities Air quality forecasting training workshops (with Santiago de Chile and São Paulo) Transportation/land use and atmospheric modeling and measurements (with Santiago de Chile and other Latin American cities) Inter-American Network for Atmosphere and Biosphere Studies (IANABIS)

  23. MIT Scenario Analysis • Integrating Bottom-Up and top-Down Analytic Approaches • Three Feasibility “Screens” • Technical Feasibility (effective) • Economic Feasibility (affordable) • Pursued through quantitative analysis • Political Feasibility (implementable) • Pursued through qualitative dialogue • “Feasibility” depends in part upon the “Future Story” • Allows us to identify more robust options

  24. A Diverse Mix of Emissions/Sources Source: CAM 1998 MCMA Emissions Inventory

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