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A Quick Look at Some Invasive Species

A Quick Look at Some Invasive Species. By: Lexie Fiema (406) and Julia Garvey (408). Accidentally Introduced Species. These species were introduced to various places by accident. Lexie. Sea Lamprey (attached to Lake Trout). Origin: Coastal Regions along both sides of the Atlantic Ocean

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A Quick Look at Some Invasive Species

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  1. A Quick Look at Some Invasive Species By: LexieFiema (406) and Julia Garvey (408)

  2. Accidentally Introduced Species These species were introduced to various places by accident Lexie

  3. Sea Lamprey (attached to Lake Trout) • Origin: • Coastal Regions along both sides of the Atlantic Ocean • Description: • Predaceous, eel-like fish • Long, black, slimy bodies • Mouth: • Reddish-Orange in color and oval-shaped • Mouth contains concentric rings of sharp teeth • Mouth contains a bony, rasping long tongue (used to bore into its host) • Jawless • Kingdom: • Animalia • Strategist: • r • Where they invaded: • Through the Great Lakes via the Welland Canal between the years of 1919-1921 • Diet: • Sea Lampreys are parasites so they live off of other fish. So their diet consists mainly of the blood and flesh of other animals. • Niche: • The lamprey uses its suction-cup like mouth to attach itself to the skin of a fish and rasps away tissue with its sharp probing tongue and teeth. Secretions in the lamprey's mouth prevent the victim's blood from clotting. Victims typically die from excessive blood loss or infection. • Pros: • None • Cons: • Contribute to the decline of Whitefish and Lake Trout in the Great Lakes • Through the elimination of major game fish species (Lake Trout, Whitefish, etc.), the alewife population increased, a species which also had adverse effects on fish species. • Control Methods: • electric current • chemical lampricides • barriers

  4. Argentina Fire Ant • Origin: • Argentina • Description: • Fire ants are very similar-looking to regular ants. • Have antennae • Have six legs • Have three main bodies • They are 1/8 inch to 1/4 inch (3-6 mm) long. • They are usually a reddish-brown color. • Kingdom: • Animalia • Strategist: • r • Where they invaded: • Introduced to the U.S. in the 1930s. • The RIFAs traveled in soil used as ballast (weight) on cargo ships. • They came in through the seaport of Mobile, Alabama. • Diet: • Branches • New terminal growth • Flowers • Young fruit • Bark • Sap of tree crops • Niche: • In warmer climates • In colonies, which are groups of ants • In mounds of dirt that can be over two feet tall • The U.S. states it currently habits are: • Alabama, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas • In this niche , it disrupts people, wildlife and plants because of it’s behavior. • Pros: • Excellent natural predators • Sugarcane borer • Striped earwig • Aphids • Rice stink bug • Cons: • Significant damage to agricultural crops • Painful stings that can be dangerous to sensitized people. • Damage agricultural equipment • Costly • U.S. spent $750 million last year • Control Methods: • Biological Method: • Phorid flies have been introduced in many places in southeastern United States • They are slowly reproducing and spreading to cover the entire RIFA range. • They come from South America • Physical Methods: • Extreme temperature change • injecting liquid nitrogen or pressurized steam into RIFA nests • Pouring boiling water into ant mounds

  5. Brown Tree Snake • Origin: • North Australia • Papua New Guinea • Indonesia • Description: • 1 to 2 meters in length • Brown/tan in color • Rear-fanged • Kingdom: • Animalia • Strategist: • r • Where they invaded: • During WWII and after, through ships, the Brown Tree Snake was transported to Guam • In the United States, Brown Tree snakes have been sighted in Texas and Hawaii • Diet: • Birds • Lizards • Bats • Small rodents • Niche: • As a result of abundant prey resources on Guam and the absence of natural predators outside of feral pigs and Mangrove monitors, Brown tree snake populations reached unprecedented numbers. • Preys on native lizards and birds; causes frequent power outages by climbing on electrical wires • Pros: • Not considered dangerous to an adult human • Cons: • Responsible for devastating the majority of the native bird population in Guam • Control Methods: • Interception of snakes using canine detection • Hand capture of snakes • Fumigation • Barriers, including chemical repellents, to exclude snakes from critical areas, reduce movements between habitat patches, and contain snakes if they are introduced to new areas

  6. Eurasian Ruffe • Origin: • Eurasia • Description: • 4 to 6 inches long (25cm) • The color of Eurasian Ruffe’s are usually olive-brown to golden-brown on their back, and paler on the sides with yellowish undersides. • Slimy and has a large spiny dorsal fin that makes it undesirable to predators. • A relative of the perch and spends its days in deeper water and comes to the shallows to feed at night. • Has special sensory organs that detect minute movements in the water to sense predators and prey. • Kingdom: • Animalia • Strategist: • r • Where they invaded: • Lake Superior, Lake Huron and Lake Michigan • They invaded through the ballast water of a transoceanic ship around 1985 • Diet: • Small aquatic bugs and larvae • Niche: • Since the Eurasian Ruffe has a potential for rapid population growth, coupled with the threat of competition for food and space with native fishes as well as predation on their eggs, a serious threat was perceived to fisheries in the Great Lakes as well as across North America. • Pros: • None • Cons: • An aggressive fish. • It has a rapid population growth. • Has a lack of natural predators which creates the potential to displace other species in newly invaded areas and to cause the native fish populations to decrease. • Control Methods: • Always drain water out of your boat, live well, and bilge before leaving water access. • Do not throw unwanted bait into the water, place it in the trash. • Never dump fish from one lake into another. • Never use ruffe as bait.

  7. Common Pigeon (Rock Dove) • Origin: • Europe • North Africa, • Southwestern Asia • Description: • Dark bluish-gray head, neck, and chest with glossy yellowish, greenish, and reddish-purple iridescence along its neck and wing feathers. • Weigh about 12.63oz • Kingdom: • Animalia • Strategist: • r • Where they invaded: • North America • Diet: • In the wild: • Corn, oats, cherries, etc. • In urban areas: • Popcorn, cake, peanuts, currants, etc. • Niche: • In urban settings, these birds are seen more as pests than anything else, however they can carry various diseases that are hazardous to human health. • Pros: • Can sometimes be used as a food source for humans • Can be used for laboratory research. • Cons: • A large number of pigeons living in a small area can be a nuisance to farmers. • Some diseases (e.g., histoplasmosis) may be spread in pigeon droppings. • Control Methods: • Ban the feeding of pigeons by humans

  8. Formosan Termite • Origin: • Southern China • Taiwan • Japan • Description: • Swarmers • Four wings of equal size • Dark hard veins in the front portion of the front wing. • The wings are a translucent, slightly milky color and covered with tiny hairs. • Soldiers • The armoured head of the soldier is rounded tapering toward the front • A fontanelle (frontal gland pore) is present on the soldier's forehead • They have large mandibles relative to their body, which is flat and narrower than the head. • Kingdom: • Animalia • Strategist: • r • Where they invaded: • Eleven U.S. states including: Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas • Sri Lanka • South Africa • Diet: • Anythng containing wood fiber • Homes • Buildings • Live trees: Oak, Ash, Water-bound Cypress • Niche: • Formosan termites are the most aggressive and destructive timber pests in the United States. • Pros: • Formosan Termites are rarely found north of 35° N latitude • Cons: • Can cause major damage to homes or buildings within six months of moving in • It has large colonies. • The territory of a single colony can be up to 300 feet. • It infests a wide variety of structures (including boats and high-rise condominiums). • It eats wood at a rapid rate. • Control Methods: • Soil Termiticides • Maintain a zone of at least one foot around the outside of your home that is clear of plants and other landscaping materials. This reduces soil moisture and makes it easier to inspect for shelter tubes coming up from the ground. • Remove all wooden grade stakes, form boards, supports, and scrap wood after finishing construction or remodeling.

  9. Zebra Mussel • Origin: • Caspian, Black and Aral Sea in Eastern Europe and Western Asia • Description: • They have a black/dark brown and white striped pattern on their shells, resembling a zebra. • Usually about the size of a fingernail, but can grow to a length of two inches • Sharp traingular shells (painful to walk on) • Adults can be from ¼ to ½ inches. • Kingdom: • Animalia • Strategist: • r • Where they invaded: • North America through ship ballast water • First spotted in Lake St. Clair in 1988 • Diet: • Filter the water • Niche: • Zebra Mussels are filter feeders. • This cleansing increases water visibility and filters out pollutants. • Pros: • Zebra mussels are credited with the increased population and size of the smallmouth bass in Lake Erie and yellow perch in Lake St. Clair. • They cleanse the water and filter out pollutants. • Cons: • Completely cover other freshwater mussels. • They can grow so much that they block pipelines, and clog water intake pipes of the community water facilities and of hydroelectric companies. • Deadly source of avian botulism which has poisoned thousands of birds in the Great Lakes since the 1990s. • Reduce food supply for other aquatic species. • High densities of zebra mussel growth can sink buoys, damage boat docks, and ruin boat engines. • Control Methods • Try to repel mussels from boat, docks, and buoy surfaces • The chemical serotonin , when applied to the outside of zebra mussels, artificially causes the reproductive organs of males and females, to release sperm and eggs at the wrong time.

  10. Asian Long-Horned Beetle • Origin: • China • Description: • large black insect • Has white spots dashed irregularly on its elytra (wing covers) • Adults are typically 1–1.5 inches (2.5–3.8 cm) long • The distinctive long antennae that give the beetle its common name are as long as the body in females and almost twice the body length in males • Kingdom: • Animalia • Strategist: • r • Where they invaded: • New York • Illinois • Diet: • Insides of hardwood trees • Niche: • The Asian long-horned beetle is extremely destructive • The damage is caused by beetle larvae which burrow deep within a tree to feed on its food and water conducting vessels • Continued feeding causes structural defects and eventually kills the life-sustaining cambial layer by girdling • Mature beetles then burrow out of the tree leaving holes the diameter of ball-point pens • Pros: • None • Cons: • Destroys mature trees • Control Methods: • Destroy the infested trees

  11. Asian Tiger Mosquito • Origin: • Southeast Asia • Description: • Black and white striped legs • Small black and white body • Kingdom: • Animalia • Strategist: • r • Where they invaded: • Europe • the Americas • the Caribbean • Africa • Middle East • Diet: • Blood • Nectar • Niche: • The Asian Tiger Mosquito is a non-native species which is rapidly spreading in numbers and therefore the ability to spread disease across America. • Pros: • None • Cons: • Can spread diseases • Feeds during the day • Control Methods: • Minimize time spent outdoors between dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active. • Be sure door and window screens fit tightly and are in good repair. • Wear shoes, socks, long pants and a long-sleeved shirt when outdoors for long periods of time, and when mosquitoes are most active. Clothing should be light colored and made of tightly woven materials to keep mosquitoes away from the skin. • Use mosquito netting when sleeping outdoors or in an unscreened structure, and to protect infants when outdoors. • Installing bird or bat houses has been suggested as a method of mosquito control

  12. Gypsy Moth • Origin: • Europe • Asia • Description: • Moth larvae have five pairs of raised blue spots and six pairs of raised brick-red spots • Full grown moths • Males • Brown • Females • White • Kingdom: • Animalia • Strategist: • r • Where they invaded: • North America • Diet: • Trees • Oaks • Maples • Elms • Niche: • The gypsy moth is a serious threat to some of North America's most beautiful and popular deciduous trees including maples, oaks and elms. • Pros: • None • Cons: • Destroys trees • Control Methods: • Monitoring gypsy moth populations • Maintaining the health and vigor of trees • Discouraging gypsy moth survival • Treating with insecticides to kill larvae and protect tree foliage

  13. Deliberately Introduced Species These species were introduced purposely in an area to control pest populations or solve environmental problems. Julia

  14. Niche: Causes fish kills and aids in bee functions Pros: Medicinal uses, beauty, and provides a substantial source of nectar and pollen for bees Cons: Degrade wetlands, takes over native plants, suffocates fish and other aquatic life, wild rice growing areas are degraded, affects wetlands, marshes, and riparian zones Control Methods: Digging and hand-pulling, cutting the flowering spikes, introduce insects that feed on it (biological), or apply an herbicide (chemical) Purple Loosestrife • Origin: • From Europe and Asia. • Introduced in the early 1800s to North America through ship ballast water, and as a medicinal herb. • Description: • An invasive wetland perennial plant • Grow from four to ten feet high with magenta flower spikes • Flowers have five to seven petals. • Leaves are lance-shaped, and heart-shaped or at the base. • Kingdom: • Plantae • Where they invaded: • Has spread westward throughout most of North America and extended into Canada

  15. Diet: Focus on insects and other invertebrates when they’re available. Common prey include grasshoppers, beetles, flies, caterpillars, snails, earthworms, millipedes, and spiders. They also eat fruits including wild and cultivated cherries, holly berries, hackberries, mulberries, tupelo, Virginia creeper, sumac, and blackberries; as well as grains, seeds, nectar, livestock feed, and garbage. Niche: Keep insect populations in check Pros: Eat species that damage agriculture Cons: Competes with native species, destroys crops, and forages lawns Control Methods: Exclusion (sealing holes and openings), fumigants, and shootings European Starling • Origin: • Introduced into the U.S from Europe in 1890 • To introduce a bird mentioned in Shakespeare’s works • Description: • Aggressive, stocky black birds with short tails, triangular wings, and pointed beak • Covered in white spots during the winter, and they turn dark and glossy in summer • Kingdom:Animalia • Strategist: r • Where they invaded: • Most of the United States

  16. Niche: Compete with other pollinators to pollinate flowers Pros: Influence 25-30% of the reproductive success of the flora Flora depends on the bees for pollination, the flora provide food for other species Provide honey Cons: Africanized bees may displace the other bees from the food sources Harm humans Control Methods: Fumigation, move population away from Queen bees to stop mating, and destroy hives African Honeybee (“Killer Bee”) • Origin: • Traveled from Brazil, northward to Central America and eventually the United States on October 19, 1990 • Introduced to improve beekeeping • Description: • 0.7 inches in length • Brownish in color with black stripes • Four clear wings that are attached to the thorax and six legs are • Two compound eyes are large and allow the Africanized Honey Bee to see ultraviolet rays • Kingdom:Animalia • Strategist: r • Where they invaded: • Brazil, Central America and Southwestern United States • Diet: • Nectar and pollen from various flowers

  17. Diet: Herbivores aquatic vegetation such as stems, leaves, roots, and even bark Niche: Control excess growth of weeds Pros: Economic benefits of selling their fur Cons: Degrade land and over consume plants, over harvest favored foods Control Methods: Trapping, poisoning, and shooting Nutria • Origin: • Native to South America • Released into the Louisiana marshes • Description: • Adult nutria are about 14 inches long with a 12-17-inch tail, and can weigh up to 25 pounds • Large aquatic rodents • Several layers of thick brown fur • Have 4 large incisors, and allows the nutria to cut off underwater plants without getting water into its mouth • Kingdom:Animalia • Strategist: K • Where they invaded: • Northeast region (Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and New York), southern states, and Washington, Oregon, and Montana

  18. Salt Cedar (Tamarisk) • Origin: • Eurasia and Africa • Description: • A deciduous shrub/small tree in the Tamarisk family • reaches 5-30 feet in height • Thin stems with compound leaves and pale pink flowers • Gray bark • Kingdom:Plantae • Where they invaded: • invasive in AZ, CA, CO, LA, MT, NC, ND, NM, NV, OK, TX, UT, and WY • Niche: Are able to tolerate highly saline soils which can contain up to 15,000ppm soluble salt • Pros: used for ornamentals, windbreaks and erosion control • Cons: long roots extend into deep water tables, ruin natural aquatic systems, displace native vegetation (reduces plant biodiversity), and decrease the biodiversity of birds, and other plants • Control Methods: • Digging, root-cutting, glyphosate application (herbicide), release the leaf beetle

  19. Marine Toad (Giant Toad) • Origin: • Mexico, Central America, and the Amazon Basin • Description: • Grow to 9 inches long and weigh more than 2 pounds • Short legs and no webs between their toes • Tan, light green or black • Large glands behind their head which release a poisonous milky substance when they are attacked • Kingdom:Animalia • Strategist: r • Where they invaded: • Southern U.S. (mainly Florida), and Central America • Diet: • Omnivores • Small amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, and plants • Niche: Secretes a highly toxic milky substance from its glands on the back of its head The substance can burn eyes, irritate skin, and can kill cats and dogs if they bite the toad. • Pros: released in sugar cane fields to help control rats and mice • Cons: poisonous to pets and can harm humans • Control Methods: • Euthanizing amphibians, inspect fruit crates (in which they are sometimes transported), and killing them on your own if they become a threat to your pets

  20. Water Hyacinth • Origin: • Amazon River Basin • Description: • Free floating aquatic plant • Broad, thick, glossy leaves • Rise above surface water about 1 meter • Six Lavender and pink in colored petals • Kingdom: Plantae • Where they invaded: • Texas • Niche: Causes unnecessary fish kills • Pros: Used in wastewater treatment because they can tolerate high levels of pollutants, used in cattle food, and in biogas production • Cons: Absorbs too much water which causes fish to die from the oxygen depletion • Control Methods: • Manually removing plants/boats and shredders

  21. Japanese Beetle • Origin: • Native to Japan • First spotted in the United States in 1916 in New Jersey • Beetle larvae entered the U.S. in iris bulbs • Description: • Copper-colored with a green thorax and head • Invades roses, grapes, hops, canna, etc. • Kingdom: Animalia • Strategist: r • Where they invaded: • The East Coast states • Diet: • Can feed on about 300 species of plants • Niche: Controls unwanted plant growth • Pros: Prevent overgrowth of unwanted plants • Cons: Group-feeding on plants causes severe plant damage • Control Methods: • Pheremone traps, catnip, chives, and garlic are natural repellants

  22. Hydrilla • Origin: • Native to Asia, Africa, Europe, and Australia • In 1960, the Hydrilla plant was first released into waterways in Florida • Description: • 1–2 meters tall • Broad leaves • Flowers are small and include three sepals and three petals (transparent with red streaks) • Kingdom: Plantae • Where they invaded: • Florida, Connecticut to Texas, and California • Niche: Causes fish kills and aquatic habitat destruction • Pros: More efficient at absorbing nutrients than other plants, and they grow with less light • Cons: Forms thick mats that interfere with recreation and degrade fish and wildlife habitat • Control Methods: • Aquatic herbicides can be applied • Grass carp consume this plant • Asian hydilla leaf-mining fly is used for biological pest control

  23. European Wild Boar (Feral Pig) • Origin: • Native to Northern and Central Europe, Asia, and Indonesia • Description: • Large head and short legs • Fine fur that is either dark grey, black or brown in color • Continuously growing tusks • Kingdom: Animalia • Strategist: K • Where they invaded: • Most of North America • Diet: • Water plants, roots, acorns, eggs and babies of small native animals, and grasses • Niche: Create holes in the soil next to watering holes • Pros: Clean up remnants from crops • Cons: Severely destroy vegetations • Control Methods: • Fences, snares, cage traps, hunting with dogs, and toxicants

  24. Information Sources • http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/lamprey.html • http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/ais/Default.aspx?tabid=400 • http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/bts.shtml • http://www.anstaskforce.gov/Species%20plans/Brown%20Tree%20Snake%20Mgt%20Plan.pdf • http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Columba_livia.html • http://www.termite.com/termites/formosan-subterranean-termite.html • http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg064 • http://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/factsheets/zebra_mussel.html • http://www.asian-longhorned-beetle.com/index.html • http://www.uvm.edu/albeetle/identification/index.html • http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/pctigermosquito.htm • http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/gypsymoth/gypsy.htm • http://www.kdwp.state.ks.us/news/Fishing/Aquatic-Nuisance-Species/Aquatic-Nuisance-Species-List/Purple-Loosestrife • http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/purpleloosestrife_info • http://icwdm.org/handbook/birds/EuropeanStarlings.asp • http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Apis_mellifera_scutellata.htm • http://www.nationaltrappers.com/nutria.html • http://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/wow/saltcedar.pdf

  25. Picture Sources • http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/lamprey.html • http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/downloads/x106.pdf • http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/ruffe#general • http://www.fws.gov/midwest/alpena/eurasianruffe.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brown_tree_snake_Boiga_irregularis_2_USGS_Photograph.jpg • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Pigeon • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosan_subterranean_termite • http://www.termite.com/termites/formosan-subterranean-termite.html • http://urbanentomology.tamu.edu/termites/formosan.cfm • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_tiger_mosquito • http://www.kdwp.state.ks.us/news/Fishing/Aquatic-Nuisance-Species/Aquatic-Nuisance-Species-List/Zebra-Mussels/How-Did-They-Get-Here • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_long-horned_beetle • http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/asiantigmos.shtml • http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/asian_tiger_mosquito.htm • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gypsy_moth_larva.jpg • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lymantria_dispar01.jpg • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_moth

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