Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration

1. Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration

2. Cellular respiration

3. polysaccharides    glucose other 6C sugars    glucose hydrolysis modified Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates • Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates fuels • ex. starch, glycogen • ex. galactose, fructose

4. proteins    amino acids H | —C— | H | —C— | H H hydrolysis C—OH C—OH N N waste glycolysis Krebs cycle H H R R O O || || Beyond glucose: Proteins 2C sugar = carbon skeleton = enters glycolysis or Krebs cycleat different stages amino group = waste product excreted as ammonia, urea, or uric acid

5. fats    glycerol + fatty acids hydrolysis glycerol (3C)  G3P  glycolysis fatty acids 2C acetyl acetyl Krebs groups coA cycle 2C fatty acids 3C glycerol enters glycolysis as G3P enter Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA Beyond glucose: Fats

6. fat carbohydrate Carbohydrates vs. Fats • Fat generates 2x ATP vs. carbohydrate • more C in gram of fat • more energy releasing bonds • more O in gram of carbohydrate • so it’s already partly oxidized • less energy to release That’s whyit takes so muchto lose a pound a fat!

7. Metabolism • Coordination of chemical processes across whole organism • digestion • catabolism when organism needs energy or needs raw materials • synthesis • anabolism when organism has enough energy & a supply of raw materials • by regulating enzymes • feedback mechanisms • raw materials stimulate production • products inhibit further production CO2

8. Metabolism • Digestion • digestion of carbohydrates, fats & proteins • all catabolized through same pathways • enter at different points • cell extracts energy from every source Cells areversatile & selfish! CO2

9. pyruvate glucose Krebs cycleintermediaries amino acids   acetyl CoA  fatty acids Metabolism • Synthesis • enough energy? build stuff! • cell uses points in glycolysis & Krebs cycle as links to pathways for synthesis • run pathways “backwards” • have extra fuel, build fat! Cells areversatile & thrifty!

10. Carbohydrate Metabolism The many stops on the Carbohydrate Line from Krebs cycle back through glycolysis “gluconeogenesis”

11. Lipid Metabolism The many stops on the Lipid Line from Krebs cycle (acetyl CoA) to a variety of lipid synthesis pathways

12. Amino Acid Metabolism The many stops on the Amino Acid Line from Krebs cycle & glycolysis to an array of amino acid synthesis pathways 8 essential amino acids12 synthesized aa’s

13. Nucleotide Metabolism The many stops on the GATC Line • sugar from glycolysis • phosphate & N-base from Krebs cycle

14. Glycolysis Central Role of Acetyl CoA Glucose Pyruvate Glycolysis • Acetyl CoA is central to both energy production & biomolecule synthesis • Depending on organism’s need • build ATP • immediate use • build fat • stored energy CO2 Pyruvate oxidation NAD+ NADH Krebs cycle Protein ETC Lipid Acetyl coA coenzyme A acetyl group Fat ATP

15. Control of Respiration Feedback Control

16.       enzyme 1 enzyme 2 enzyme 3 enzyme 4 enzyme 5 enzyme 6 Feedback Inhibition • Regulation & coordination of production • final product is inhibitor of earlier step • allosteric inhibitor of earlier enzyme • no unnecessary accumulation of product • production is self-limiting A B C D E F G X allosteric inhibitor of enzyme 1

17. Respond to cell’s needs • Key point of control • phosphofructokinase • allosteric regulation of enzyme • why here? “can’t turn back” step before splitting glucose • AMP & ADP stimulate • ATP inhibits • citrate inhibits Why is this regulation important? Balancing act: availability of raw materials vs. energy demands vs. synthesis

18. A Metabolic economy • Basic principles of supply & demand regulate metabolic economy • balance the supply of raw materials with the products produced • these molecules become feedback regulators • they control enzymes at strategic points in glycolysis & Krebs cycle • levels of AMP, ADP, ATP • regulation by final products & raw materials • levels of intermediates compounds in pathways • regulation of earlier steps in pathways • levels of other biomolecules in body • regulates rate of siphoning off to synthesis pathways

19. It’s a Balancing Act Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate Glycolysis • Balancing synthesiswith availability of both energy & raw materials is essential for survival! • do it well & you survive longer • you survive longer &you have more offspring • you have more offspring & you get to “take over the world” Pyruvate oxidation Krebs cycle Protein ETC Lipid Fat ATP

20. Compartmentalization in Energy Processing Compartmentalization allows for increased cellular efficiency. • Different metabolic pathways can occur in different cellular compartments, at different conditions, and not interfere with each other. • Groups of related enzymes can also be localized to particular areas

21. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes • The increased compartmentalization of eukaryotes leads to increased complexity and efficiency.

22. But Don’t Forget! Some prokaryotes are able to carry out aerobic cellular respiration, and photosynthesis. They have adapted their cell membrane into quasi-compartments.

23. Multicellular Compartmentalization • Multicellular organisms have compartmentalized organs and organ systems to increase their efficiency. • All systems work together to accomplish tasks, including metabolism.

24. Digestive System • Converts and absorbs complex food molecules in to metabolic inputs (ex. starch into glucose)

25. Respiratory System • Exchanges metabolic gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

26. Circulatory System • Delivery of nutrients and removal of waste products from the cells of the body

27. Excretory System • Removal of metabolic waste products (water and nitrogenous wastes) from the body.

28. Microbial Cooperation • Communities of microbes will use a diversity of functions to cooperatively accomplish metabolic tasks. • Ex. Animal Rumen Communities

29. Got the energy… Ask Questions!!