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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. The Diversity of Life. Guiding Questions. What are fossils? How do scientists arrange organisms in natural groups? What is the most fundamental taxonomic division of life? What kinds of organisms constitute the Protista and Fungi? . Fossils.

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 The Diversity of Life

  2. Guiding Questions • What are fossils? • How do scientists arrange organisms in natural groups? • What is the most fundamental taxonomic division of life? • What kinds of organisms constitute the Protista and Fungi?

  3. Fossils • Tangible remains or signs of ancient organisms • Found mostly in sedimentary rocks (why?) or sediments, especially marine sediments • Thousands to millions of years old Nautilus

  4. Fossils • Most fossils are hard parts of organism • Teeth, skeleton • Earthworm setae • Insect mandibles • Crinoid (left)- ‘sea lily’ that is actually an animal with a CaCO3 skeleton.

  5. Fossils • Hard parts may be completely replaced by minerals • This crinoid’s CaCO3 skeleton has been completely replaced by pyrite (fool’s gold).

  6. Fossils • Fossilization of soft parts is rare • Requires oxygen-poor environment • Burial in fine-grained sediment • Permineralization • Infilling of woody tissue by inorganic materials • Petrified wood

  7. Petrified Wood

  8. Fossils • Fossil need not be skeletal • Mold • 3-D negative imprint Brachiopod fossils (left): S = shell M = mold

  9. Fossils • Impressions • 2-D preservation of outlines and surface features • Carbonization (left) • Concentrated residue of remaining carbon

  10. Fossils • Trace fossils • Tracks/trackways • Trails • Burrows • Provides behavioral information about extinct animals (how?)

  11. Fossils • Fossils provide biased view of biota • Not all organisms are preserved (over-/under-represented) • Rare organisms • Lacking hard parts • Not all skeletal material is preserved • Scavengers • Transport and abrasion • Post-burial alteration of rock • Not all fossils are exposed at the surface • Some are destroyed by plate tectonics, metamorphism, etc.

  12. Putative Jellyfish fossils

  13. The Current Hotspot American/Mongolian team excavating an ankylosaur fossil in the Gobi Desert in Mongolia.

  14. Buy Fossils Now! • eBay http://www.ebay.com • http://www.arizonaskiesmeteorites.com/Dinosaur_Fossils_For_Sale/

  15. Taxonomy

  16. Human Genealogy (Who else is hanging around in your family tree?)

  17. Taxonomic Scheme • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  18. Taxonomic Scheme • Karl • Plays • Cards • Only • For • Green • Stamps

  19. Taxonomic Scheme • Kids • Prefer • Candy • Over • Fat • Gooey • Snails

  20. Taxonomic Scheme • Kingdom - Animal • Phyum - Chordate • Sub-phylum - Vertebrate • Class - Mammal • Order - Primate • Family - Hominid • Genus - Homo • Species - Homo sapiens

  21. Animalia Chordata Vertebrata Mammalia Primata Hominid Homo Homo sapiens Ana Caught Vince Making Piping Hot Ham Sandwiches More Mnemonics

  22. A chocolate valentine may produce hot and heavy sweethearts Animalia Chordata Vertebrata Mammalia Primata Hominid Homo Homo sapiens

  23. A crystal vase might possibly hold hybrid sunflowers Animalia Chordata Vertebrata Mammalia Primata Hominid Homo Homo sapiens

  24. Amy cutout valentines for Ma, Pa, her husband and sister Animalia Chordata Vertebrata Mammalia Primata Hominid Homo Homo sapiens

  25. Chordates

  26. Fish Amphibian

  27. Reptile Mammal

  28. Birds

  29. Primates Prosimian Baboon

  30. The Pinnacle of Evolution?

  31. Other Hominids? Bigfoot Sasquatch Jersey Devil Abominable Snowman

  32. Other Hominids? Neanderthal Homo habilis Homo erectus

  33. Taxonomic Groups • Six kingdoms • Prokaryotes • Archaeobacteria • Eubacteria • Eukaryotes • Plantae-producers • Fungi-consumers • Animalia-consumers • Protista

  34. Taxonomic Groups • Taxonomy • Study of composition and relationship of the taxonomic groups • Taxonomic groups • The six kingdoms and their subordinate groups • Taxon/taxa

  35. Taxonomic Groups • Linnaean taxa range from broad (phylum) to narrow (species) • Phylum-one of the major categories of organisms • Species • Group of individuals that can interbreed • Name includes genus • Italicized or underlines • Class Mammalia • Order primates

  36. Taxonomic Groups • Phylogeny • “tree of life” • structure formed by branches of species • Cluster into groups with similar traits, equivalent to taxa • Genus (genera) • small clusters

  37. Taxonomic Groups • Clade • Cluster of species that share a common ancestry and have homologous structures • All species within each clade must be traceable to a common ancestor; must be monophyletic • Cladistics • Homologous-structures derived from the same “blueprint” of common ancestry.

  38. Taxonomic Groups • Primitive traits • appear early in evolutionary history; relatively unchanged • hagfish group traits • Derived traits • evolved later; often much changed from ancestral forms • present only in some subgroups • jaws, lungs, claws or nails, feather, fur, and mammary glands

  39. Taxonomic Groups • Horse ancestry • Detailed phylogeny due to abundant fossil record • Three clades • Subfamilies • All members of the modern horse family belong to Equus and originated in North America

  40. Prokaryotes • Bacteria (bacterium), as a group, gain nutrition in a variety of ways • photosynthetic • chemosynthetic • consumers • As a group, at least 3 billion years old

  41. Prokaryotes • Archaeobacteria • Can tolerate extreme conditions-extremophiles • very high temperatures • hot springs • low or no oxygen • acidic conditions

  42. Prokaryotes • Eubacteria • divided by structure of cell walls • Cyanobacteria • photosynthetic • spherical or filamentous • can form mats or scum

  43. Protista • Many single celled organisms • Some simple multicellular organisms • Includes Algae • “seaweeds” Amoeba

  44. Protista • Protozoans • Animal-like protists • Amoebas • change shape; no rigid form • Flagellates • flagellum for locomotion • Ciliates • cilia for locomotion

  45. Protista • Unicellular algae • plant-like protists • Dinoflagellates • Diatoms • Calcareous nannoplankton • Originated in the Mesozoic Era • among the most important marine producers

  46. Protista • Dinoflagellates • two flagella for locomotion • drift • dormancy • armor in a cyst • often fossilized as cysts

  47. Protista • Diatoms • Two-part skeleton of opal (SiO2) • Halves fit together • Freshwater and marine • Most planktonic • Some benthic • Accumulations can produce diatomaceous earth and chert

  48. Protista • Calcareous Nannoplankton • Small spherical cells • Armored • overlapping plates of calcium carbonate • Mostly marine plankton • Accumulations can produce chalk

  49. Protista • Multi-cellular algae • Much drifts • Some attaches to seafloor • Some red and green algae secrete calcium carbonate skeletons • limestone

  50. Protista • Protozoans with skeletons • Foraminifera • Chambered skeleton of calcium carbonate • Very abundant • Useful for dating rocks and sediments

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