Key Issues in Educating for Safety Professor Mary Sheehan 17 October 2005 “Beating the Road Toll”

1. Key Issues in Educating for Safety Professor Mary Sheehan 17 October 2005 “Beating the Road Toll” St Hilda’s College, Parkville Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

2. Content of Presentation • Defining road safety education • Case study – School based education • Case study – Young driver education • Case study – Advertising for rural and remote drivers • Case study –Drink Driver Education and Rehabilitation in Victoria • Road safety education –a systemic approach Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

3. Road Safety Education “ the basic task is to help people recognise and select a safe environment and situations and assist them to behave as safely as possible in those situations”Henderson, 1991 • Research based assumptions: • Education in road safety is much broader and should work at many more levels than just information provision • Education when narrowly defined as information provision is necessary but not sufficient for behaviour change • Education ideally is always part of a “whole” directed package • Content and messages must be clear, simple, targeted, and perceived to be relevant • The more effective behaviour change education programmes are linked with strategies for change that provide models or modelling of safe alternatives Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

4. Case Study: School Based Education

5. A model of road safety practice in secondary schools: Carmel College Studentdrivers, parents and the school contract to the following: • No passengers except brothers and sisters • No parking on school grounds • Must hand in keys to school office upon arrival • School must be contacted if student is absent/late • School is informed about student vehicle details • Serious deviation from the rules leads to student being banned from driving Source: Queensland School Transport Safety Taskforce (2001) Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

6. Case Study: Young Driver Education

7. Novice Driver Programme Trial • A special novice driver education programme involving 14 000 young drivers in NSW & VIC & commencing in 2006 • Aims to provide young drivers with a better insight into the risks they face and their own limitations Module 1: Self-Management of Exposure - Orientation and introductory pack initiating active involvement in self review Module 2: Building Insight and Promoting Self-Management • Computer-based tool and group discussion exploring self as a driver Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

8. Novice Driver Programme Trial Module 3: Self-Management of potentially high risk situations • Group discussion involving reflection on own driving, positive behaviour rehearsal and the formulation of self management strategies Module 4: Mentoring of Driving Behaviour • On road drive in novice drivers’ cars where self management skills are practised and the driver commits to on-going self monitoring and self management Modules introduced over 12-18 weeks Source: ATSB (2005) Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

9. Case Study: Advertising for Rural and Remote Drivers

10. Advertising: Research based findings • For females, a threatening message is seen as self relevant • For males, these messages are not as relevant to self • Consistent with this finding, females reported greater message acceptance than males • Threatening advertisements may not be as effective for males Source: Lewis et al. (2003) Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

11. Driver/Rider: Rural & Remote Hospitals (n = 116) Harmful Drinkers (Audit) 52% Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

12. Last Road Safety Message Recalled by Driver/Riders Percentage of respondents Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

13. Most frequently recalled advertisement Drink driving behaviour and enforcement Predominantly “bloody idiot” advertisement (used 10 – 15 years before) Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

14. Case Study: Drink Driver Education and Rehabilitation in Victoria Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

15. Target People for Education • More likely to belong to a heavy drinking subculture that accepts drink driving • Majority male • Aged between 20 – 39 years • Have a history of convictions • Have poor employment and literacy histories Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

16. Drink Driving Rehabilitation and Education in Victoria – Client Perspective Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

17. Associated Footnotes to Court Handout • You have no prior offences, or the prior offence is more than 10 years old at the time of application • Non-BAC drink driving offences include driving under the influence of alcohol, refusing to provide a test sample, and refusing to stop at a breath testing station or to co-operate in the conduct of the test. These requirements also apply to drivers found guilty of manslaughter, culpable driving causing death, dangerous driving causing death or serious injury where alcohol was a contributing factor • You have at least one prior offence within the last 10 years at the time of application. A second or more offence is one where there is a prior offence within the last 10 years at the time of application. Prior offences include all drink driving offences including interstate ones; and, - culpable driving causing death - dangerous driving causing death or serious injury and, - negligently causing serious injury, where alcohol was a contributing factor. • For more information on how to apply for an LRO contact your local Magistrates’ Court • If the LRO is not subject to an “I” condition (that you only drive a vehicle fitted with an alcohol interlock), then your licence permit will be subject to a “Z” condition for 3 years. This restricts you to zero BAC when driving. If the LRO is subject to an I condition you will be restricted to zero BAC when driving for 3 years, or until the I condition is removed, whichever is longer • If your licence was cancelled on or before 13 May 2002, the court will decide whether you have an interlock condition on your licence. Source: RACV (2005) Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

18. Governance Perspective • A complex process that involves the following stakeholders: Direct: • Magistrates [Dept of Justice] • VicRoads • Department of Human Services • Drink Driver Education and Assessment Services • Victorian Association of Drink Drivers (VADDS) • Turning Point (register of services) Indirect: • Victoria Police • Community Correctional Services Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

19. Overview Victoria has a long and impressive record in the provision of programs and legislative initiatives for managing drink driving offenders. It has the most comprehensive approach to this problem in Australia and, with the possible exception of Sweden, the world. BUT “Drink driving in Victoria is an incredibly fragmented system and is one in which there are quite a lot of different players who don’t have any routine relationships with each other and don’t routinely communicate” Source : Stakeholder comment, RACV research report 05/01 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

20. A simpler alternative with a clear message Offence severity index combines BAC, number of offences and age Alternative is ‘hard core’ and first < .15 offenders 25-30% Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

21. Social Context Situational influences Acquaintances, Family, Peers Proximal Influences At Risk Person Personal Characteristics Behaviour “Best Practice Model” for Education Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland

22. References ATSB, (2005) “Novice driver safety. Novice driver programme trial. Bulletin 1,”ATSB, Canberra. Henderson, M. (1991). Education, publicity and training in road safety: A literature review. Report No. 22. Monash University Accident Research Centre, Victoria. Lewis, I., Watson, B., Tay, R. (2003). The third person effect and the acceptance of threatening road safety television advertising: Are current advertisements ineffective for male road users. Proceedings of Road Safety Research, Policing, and Education Conference, “From Research to Action”, Sydney. Queensland School Transport Safety Taskforce, (2001) Final Report. Queensland School Transport Safety Taskforce. Sheehan, M., Watson, B., Schonfeld, C., Wallace, A., Partridge, B. (2005). RACV Research Report 05/01. Drink Driver Rehabilitation and Education in Victoria. RACV. Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland