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Mediterranean/ Middle East History

Mediterranean/ Middle East History. Mr. Bost World History. What is Civilization?. (1) group of people living and working together for the purpose of creating an organized society. (2) “the highest cultural grouping of people which distinguishes humans from other species”

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Mediterranean/ Middle East History

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  1. Mediterranean/Middle East History Mr. Bost World History

  2. What is Civilization? • (1) group of people living and working together for the purpose of creating an organized society. • (2) “the highest cultural grouping of people which distinguishes humans from other species” • (3) “complex systems or network of cities that emerge from pre-urban culture”

  3. Civilizations need 7 things: Writing/Record Systems (2) Stable Food Supply (3) Government / Laws

  4. (4) Culture (5) Social Classes

  5. (6) Organized Religion (7) Technology

  6. Mesopotamia • The “Cradle of Civilization” • “Fertile Crescent” • Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (modern day Iraq/Iran area) • Rivers flood, leave silt • First settled by the Sumerians

  7. Fertile Crescent

  8. Problems • Rivers flooded • Dry summer • No natural barriers for protection • Sitting ducks! • Limited Natural Resources • Wood, stone, etc.

  9. Solutions • Irrigation ditches • Built Walls with mud and bricks • Traded with surrounding areas • SUMER SET THE EXAMPLE FOR OTHERS!!!

  10. Government • City-States • same culture/religion • had their own ruler • Center was the ziggurat-pyramids used as temples • dynasties- passed down in one family line through heirs

  11. Gilgamesh • “Flood Story” older than Noah’s ark • Oldest story known to man • Written on 12 clay tablets

  12. Society • 3 social classes • Priests/kings • Merchants • Ordinary workers • Women could own property, no school • Cuneiform-one of the first writing systems • pictures

  13. First Empire • Empire-previously independent states under one ruler • War between city-states 3,000-2,000 B.C. • Sargon of Akkad was first empire • Lasted about 200 years

  14. Babylonians • Took over Sumer • Built the capital--Babylon • Rule of Hammurabi • One law for all city-states • “eye for an eye” • Government is responsible for what happens http://www.phillipmartin.info/hammurabi/hammurabi_situation_index.htm

  15. The Mesopotamian Region Will Eventually be taken over by Alexander the Great, then the RomansHowever, they set the example for other civilizations

  16. Discussion • With a partner, list what life was like for people as hunters/gatherers. What were the pros and cons? • What are the pros and cons of people living in communities?

  17. The creation of “Greece” • Originally hunters and gatherers • Geography limited communication • Mountains, rivers, etc. • Formed groups, became cities • Adopted written language • Several city-states formed—no central government • Several city-states rose as supreme:

  18. Athens • Sparta • Thebes • Corinth bellaxthree.wordpress.com

  19. Athens Vs. Sparta • Sparta: • Trained from birth for military • Weak or deformed children were removed • Women were also expected to fight • Athens: • Democracy • Family life possible • Studied the arts and spirituality

  20. Mercantile System • Trade arose • Coinage was created • TENSION between city-states • Many city-states were crowded • MORE TENSION!!! • Persia wanted Greece… • EVEN MORE TENSION!!!

  21. War • You’ll take care of that

  22. Greek Religion • http://www.history.com/videos/greek-gods#greek-gods • Many gods, goddesses, demigods, and mythical creatures • Zeus led a war against the titans and won • Many temples built to honor the gods mysteryoftheinquity.wordpress.com

  23. Greek God Scavenger Hunt

  24. Greek Culture • Free men and slaves • Men: • Discuss politics • Train for military • Watch a play • Women: • Domestic chores • Considered inferior to men karenswhimsy.com

  25. Language • First Europeans to have written language • basis for most European languages • Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey Amazon.com Booksshouldbefree.com

  26. Greek Theater • Very elaborate costumes and gesture • Theaters were constructed so audience could hear • Tragedies, comedies, orchestras, etc. www.ancientgreece.com

  27. Greek Art • Pottery • Usually showed scenes from mythology • Sculptures • Often described mythological events and heroes • Architecture • Temples, theaters, etc. • Influenced Roman architecture, as well as architecture today Blogs.getty.edu

  28. The Parthenon

  29. The Lincoln Memorial

  30. Greek Sports • Olympics: • Honor the Gods • Only men could participate/watch (naked) • Discus, Shotput, Javelin • Footrace (main event) • Wrestling, boxing • Chariot races (turned into NASCAR!) En.wikipedia.com

  31. Greek Government • Type of government differed by state • 3 main types • Monarchy—1 king rules • Oligarchy—a group of aristocrats (rich nobles) rules • Democracy—in its truest form • Democracy invented by Athens • EVERYONE voted, not just elected officials • The people could also speak their minds—meetings may have had up to 1500 people! http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/84450/The-government-of-Ancient-Greece-may-have-been-the-purest

  32. Does this government sound Familiar?Predict some problems that may Arise with the Greek city-states.

  33. Greek Philosophy • Socrates • From Athens • Founder of political philosophy • “Socratic Method” • Wrongdoing comes ONLY from ignorance • Executed for questioning things www.livius.org

  34. Plato • Student of Socrates • Believed that the best ruler would have to be a philosopher • “Philosopher-king” www.livius.org

  35. Cave Allegory http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6LUptADIww

  36. Aristotle • Student of Plato • Thought Plato was too poetic and “out there” • Focused on practical, down-to-earth matters • Classifying animals, politics, etc. • Taught Alexander the Great in Macedonia (more on him later)

  37. WAR PROJECTS

  38. The Trojan War • Greeks vs. Trojans (~1200 B.C.) • Greeks were led by Agamemnon, the Trojans were led by Prince Hector • Achilles refused to fight because Agamemnon stole his girlfriend • Achilles’s friend was killed by Hector • Achilles finally fights for revenge, kills Hector • Greeks sneak into the Troy through the TROJAN HORSE (a large wooden horse), open the gates, and then burn Troy Guardian.co.uk Imdb.com

  39. Wars with Persia • 1st war: Persian king Darius vs. Athens • Darius wanted all of Greece • Many city-states surrendered, but Athens stood firm • 10,000 Athenian Hoplites faced 20-30,000 Persians at Marathon • Athenians stopped the advancing Persians • RESULTS: • Hoplites were a lethal fighting force • The Persians could be beaten Wikipedia.com

  40. War with Persia • 2nd War: King Xerxes vs. Sparta and Allies • Battle of Thermopylae • King Leonidas held off a large Persian army • He originally had 10,000 men, dismissed many when the Persians broke their ranks • Made a last stand to buy the Allies more time in a mountain pass with 300 Spartans and around 2,000 other troops • Battle of Salamis • Greek navy beat the Persian navy • Battle of Plataea • 40,000 Greek hoplites vs. Persian army • Persians were defeated and fled • RESULTS: Greeks were now offensive badatsports.com

  41. Peloponnesian War • 431-404 B.C.—Athens and Allies vs. Sparta and Allies • Result of tension, power, and disputes over Persian war • Sparta attacked by land, Athens by sea • Both sides had victories, but nothing decisive • Sparta got the upper hand • Took over Athens’s silver mine (no money!) • Sparta also took Athens’s supplier of grain (no food) • Athens forced to surrender • RESULT: Sparta becomes the super-power of Greece

  42. Corinthian War • 395-387 B.C.—Rematch: Athens vs. Sparta • Athens quickly recovered from Peloponnesian War • Athens allied with several city-states and the Persians (yep, the old enemies) • Persian navy defeated the Spartan navy • No big victories occurred after that, though it seemed like Athens had the upper hand • War ended when Persia threatened to switch sides and support Sparta • RESULT: Sparta once again became equals with Athens

  43. Philip II of Macedonia • Ruled Macedonia from 359-336 B.C. • When his father died, the Greeks, Thracians, and Illyrians attacked Macedonia • Philip became a hostage at Thebes, but saw their military training first-hand • Returned to Macedonia, began training his army like Thebes • Became king at age 21, began freeing Macedonia from Illyrians • Phalanx defeated the Illyrians in battle http://www.historyofmacedonia.org

  44. New Lands for Philip • Philip now had Illyria • Gave his phalanx 18 foot spears • Began attacking Thracian and Greek cities Historyofmacedonia.org

  45. Conquest • In 339 B.C., Philip conquered the Thracians and Scythians • In 338 B.C., Philip beat a united Greek army in Greece • Greece is now under Macedonian rule, unified • No more “Greece” until 19 century

  46. End of Philip • Philip was now preparing for an invasion of Persia • Philip was going to a play with Alexander (the great), and was stabbed to death • The assassin was killed by Alexander’s friends

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