Chapter 11

1. Who is this? • Chelsey Thomas. • What is her problem? • Moebius syndrome? • A rare disorder which causes paralysis of facial muscles!!! Chapter 11 Muscular System

2. Outline • Types and Functions of Muscles • Smooth • Cardiac • Skeletal • Muscle Innervation • Whole Muscle Contraction • Oxygen Deficit • Athletics and Muscle Contraction • Slow and Fast Twitch Fibers • Muscle Disorders

3. Types and Functions of Muscles • Smooth muscle is located in the walls of hollow internal organs and contracts involuntarily. (non-striated / involuntary, visceral muscle) • Cardiac muscle forms the heart wall and contracts involuntarily. (striated, involuntary) • Skeletal muscle runs the entire length of the muscle and contracts voluntarily. (striated, voluntary)

4. Types of Muscle

5. Functions of Skeletal Muscles • Support • body. • Movement • of bones. • Maintenance • of constant body temperature. • Assist • movement in cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels.

6. Protect • internal organs. • Stabilize • joints.

7. SKELETAL MUSCLES Macroscopic View

8. Skeletal Muscles of the Body • A whole muscle contains bundles of skeletal muscle fibers (= muscle cells), fascicles. • Muscles are covered with fascia (dense connective tissue) that becomes tendons. • Muscles originate on the stationary bone (origin), and insert on the bone that moves (insertion). • Cooperating muscle pairs have prime movers, synergists, and antagonists. • Muscles usually work in antagonistic pairs which work opposite one another to move in opposite directions.

11. Skeletal Muscles of the Body • Muscles only contract, never push. • Muscle spindles are modified muscle fibers that have a sensory nerve fiber wrapped around the middle of the muscle’s length so as to inform the CNS as to the state of that muscle for coordination with other muscles and for posture and muscle tone.

12. Names and Actions of Skeletal Muscles • Skeletal muscles are named based on characteristics. • Size. • Shape. • Direction of muscle fibers. • Number of attachments. • Action.

17. SKELETAL MUSCLES Microscopic View

21. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction • “Sliding Filament Theory” • When muscle fibers are stimulated to contract, myofilaments (actin – anchored on Z line, myosin – in the middle) slide past one another. • This causes sarcomeres (muscle units) to shorten and the whole muscle fiber shortens. • Thus, when you see the prefixes myo- or sarco-, you will know these refer to muscles.

24. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction • Myosin filament heads break down ATP and attach to an actin filament, forming cross-bridges that pull the actin filament to the center of the sarcomere. • Contraction continues until nerve impulses cease.

26. “Sliding Filament Theory” Video Clips • Concept 29 - Levels of Muscle Structure • Concept 30 - Sliding Filament Model • Concept 31 - Regulation of Muscle Contraction

27. Muscle Innervation • Nerve impulses originate in the brain, travel down motor neurons, and stimulate muscle fibers at neuromuscular junctions and muscle fibers are innervated. . . . . • Stimulated to contract by motor nerve fibers. • Signaled when nerve impulses bring about release of neurotransmitter molecules at a neuromuscular junction.

30. Whole Muscle Contraction • Method of study: when a muscle (frog’s calf muscle) is attached to a physiograph (machine), a myogram (a recording) will result when muscle is stimulated to contract. • Characteristics of muscle contraction: a muscle fiber, in contrast to a whole muscle, will behave in an all-or-none manner when a threshold stimulus is applied. • The force of contraction of a whole muscle depends upon the number of fibers contracting.

31. Whole Muscle Contraction • Muscle Twitch - Single muscle contraction. • Divided into three stages. • Stimulation. • Contraction. • Relaxation. • If a muscle is given a rapid series of threshold stimuli, muscle contraction summates in a sustained contraction, tetanus. . . . • which continues until the muscle fatigues due to depletion of energy reserves.

32. Physiology of Whole Muscle Contraction

33. Whole Muscle Contraction • A motor neuron, together with all of the muscle fibers that it innervates, is a motor unit. • As the intensity of nervous stimulation increases, more motor units are activated (recruitment) resulting in stronger and stronger contractions. • Also important are the number of muscle fibers within a motor unit. . . . for example: • innervation ratio of 1 motor neuron / 23 muscle fibers (eye muscles). . . . • 1 motor neuron / 1,000 muscle fibers (calf muscle).

34. The Effect of Exercise. • A regular exercise program will bring about 1. Increased endurance 2. Increased strength of muscles. • Muscle enlarges, not due to increase in number of muscle fibers, but increased amounts of actin and myosin myofibrils inside each muscle fiber making them bigger and stronger. • “Use it or lose it !” • Benefits include: lower risk of heart attack, increased capacity of heart and lungs, decreased body fat and cholesterol levels.

35. HEALTH FOCUS Exercise, Exercise, Exercise.

37. Energy for Muscle Contraction • ATP produced previous to strenuous exercise lasts a few seconds. • Then muscles acquire new ATP in three ways. • Creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine) breakdown. (anaerobic) • Fermentation. (anaerobic) • Cellular respiration. (aerobic)

42. Oxygen Deficit • When a muscle uses the anaerobic means of supplying energy, it incurs an oxygen deficit. • Repaying an oxygen deficit requires replenishing creatine phosphate supplies anddisposing of lactic acid.

44. Athletics and Muscle Contraction • Muscles that are not used, or are used in only weak contractions can atrophy. • Can cause muscle fibers to progressively shorten, leaving body parts contracted in contorted positions. • Hypertrophy occurs if the muscle contracts to at least 75% of its maximum tension.

45. Athletics and Muscle Contraction • Although all muscle fibers metabolize both aerobically and anaerobically, some muscle fibers utilize one method more than the other. • Slow-twitch fibers produce most of their energy aerobically and tire only when their fuel supply is gone. • Fast-twitch fibers tend to be anaerobic and seem to be designed for strength as their motor units contain many fibers. • Can develop greater, and more rapid, maximum tension than slow-twitch fibers.

47. Ben Johnson, 1988, Olympic gold medal 100-m sprint.

48. BIOETHICAL FOCUSPerformance-Enhancing Drugs • Anabolic steroids to promote muscle growth. • Testosterone or related chemicals. • Danger ! ? • Cardiovascular disease, liver and kidney dysfunction, impotency and sterility, increase in rash behavior called “roid mania”. • What is a misconception that some have of these drugs? • Is becoming a problem with young people!

49. Muscle Disorders – Spasms and Injuries • Spasms are sudden, involuntary muscular contractions most often accompanied by pain. • Multiple spasms of skeletal muscles are called a seizure or convulsion. • A strain is an overstretching of a muscle near a joint, while a sprain is a twisting of a joint leading to swelling and injury. • Myalgia refers to inflammation (pain) of muscle tissue. • Tendinitis is inflammation of a tendon due to the strain of repeated athletic activity (shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee).

50. Muscular Disorders - Diseases • Infection known as tetanus or lockjaw? • Muscular dystrophy is a broad term applied to a group of disorders characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakening (ie. Duchenne MD). • Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease characterized by weakness that especially affects the muscles of the eyelids, face, neck, and extremities.