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English Morphology and Lexicology

English Morphology and Lexicology. Shao Guangqing shaoguangqing@gmail.com www.windofspring.weebly.com. What is morphology?. Morphology is the study of word formation, of the structure of words. From observations to theory. Some words can be divided into parts which still have meaning. play

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English Morphology and Lexicology

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  1. English Morphology and Lexicology Shao Guangqing shaoguangqing@gmail.com www.windofspring.weebly.com

  2. What is morphology? • Morphology is the study of word formation, of the structure of words.

  3. From observations to theory • Some words can be divided into parts which still have meaning. • play • replay • unable • playing • boldest • carelessness • the morphemes play replay=re + play unable=un + able playing=play + ing boldest=bold + est carelessness=care + less + ness

  4. Many words have meaning by themselves; but some words have meaning only when used with other words. From observations to theory • boy • food • door • car • at/in/on… • -ed/-ing/-s/-es • -est/-er Grammatical morphemes Lexical morphemes

  5. Some of the parts into which words can be divided can stand alone as words; but others cannot. From observations to theory • boy • food • door • at/in/on • -ed/-ing/-s/-es • -est/-er Bound morphemes Free morphemes

  6. Those word-parts that can occur only in combination must be combined in the correct way. From observations to theory • -s/-es/-er/-est • -ing/-ed • Inflectional morphemes • un-/in-/im- • -ly/-ment/-ful/-less • Derivational morphemes

  7. Language create new words systematically. This is called the process of word-formation. From observations to theory • un + able=unable • work +er=worker • Derivation • bedroom • put-down • outside • Compound

  8. Morphemes • A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit having more or less constant meaning and more or less constant form. • buyers =buy + er + s • evidence? • Each can occur in other combinations of morphemes without changing its meaning. • buy: buying; buys • -er: seller; fisher; buyer • -s: boys; girls; dogs

  9. Morphemes • Morphemes can vary in size: neither the number of syllables nor the length of a word can indicate what is a morpheme and what isn’t. • For example, Albatross is a long word but a single morpheme; • -y (as in dreamy) is also a single morpheme.

  10. Morphemes • Linguists have viewed morphemes as made up of combinations of semantic features. • For example, we can analyze a word like girls in terms of both its morphological and its semantic structure: • Morphological: girls = {girl} + {s} • Semantic: {girl} = [-adult; -male; +human, ...] + {s} = {PLU} = [plural]

  11. Morphemes • Two different morphemes may be pronounced (and even sometimes spelled) the same way. • V+-er: buyer • the agentive morpheme {AG} since it indicates the agent of an action • Adj.+-er: shorter • the comparative morpheme {COMP} since it indicates the comparative degree of an adjective

  12. Morphemes • We can’t always hold to the definition of a morpheme as having unchanging form. • boys: {boy} + {-s}={boy} + {PLR} • boxes: {box} + {-es}= {box} + {PLR} • men: {man} + {PLU} walked: {walk} + {-ed}= {walk} + {PAST} went: {go} + {PAST}

  13. Morphemes • Sometimes it is very difficult to identify morpheme boundaries. • For example, the word hamburger originally meant {Hamburg} = ‘a city in Germany’ + {er} =‘originating from.’ • But probably most people now understand the word as meaning {ham} = ‘ham’ + {burger} = ‘hot patty served on a round bun.’

  14. Summary: Morpheme • A morpheme is a short segment of language that meets three criteria: • It is a word or a part of a word that has meaning; • It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts; • It recurs in differing verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning.

  15. Practice: how many morphemes does each of the following word contain? • 1. play ____ • 2. replay ____ • 3. date ____ • 4. antedate ____ • 5. weak ____ • 6. weaken ____ • 7. man ____ • 8. manly ____ • 9. miniskirt ____ • 10. cheaper ____

  16. Practice: write the meaning of the underlined morphemes • 1. antedate ____________________ • 2. replay ______________________ • 3. manly ______________________ • 4. keeper ______________________ • 5. unable ______________________ • 6. rainy _______________________ • 7. inactive _____________________ • 8. malfunction __________________ before again -like, having the attributes of one who… not inclined to not badly

  17. Morphemes

  18. Lexical and Grammatical Morphemes • Lexical morphemes are those that having meaning by themselves (more accurately, they have sense). • Nouns, verbs, adjectives ({boy}, {buy}, {big}) are typical lexical morphemes. • Grammatical morphemes specify a relationship between other morphemes. • Prepositions, articles, conjunctions ({of}, {the}, {but}) are grammatical morphemes.

  19. Free and Bound Morphemes • Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words. They may be lexical morphemes ({serve}, {press}), or grammatical morphemes ({at}, {and}). • Bound morphemes can occur only in combination—they are parts of a word. They may be lexical morphemes (such as {-clude} as in include, exclude, preclude) or they may be grammatical (such as {PLU} = plural as in boys, girls, and cats).

  20. Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes

  21. Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes

  22. Inflectional Affixes • -s in boys • {PLU}=plural • -’s in boy’s • {POSS}=possessive • -er in older • {COMP}=comparative • -est in oldest • {SUP}=superlative boys={boy}+{PLU} boy’s= {boy}+{POSS} older= {old}+{COMP} oldest= {old}+{SUP}

  23. Inflectional Affixes • -s in walks • {PRES}=present • -ed in walked • {PAST}=past • -en in driven • {PAST PART}=past participle • -ing in driving • {PRES PART}=present participle walks= {walk}+{PRES} walked= {walk}+{PAST} driven= {drive}+{PAST PART} driving= {drive}+{PRES PART}

  24. Inflectional Affixes • Irregular forms • sheep • {sheep}+{PLU} • better • {good}+{COMP} • best • {good}+{SUP} • drove • {drive}+{PAST}

  25. Inflected form: Present tense • {root}+{PRES} • John loves Mary. • ={love}+{PRES}= {love}+{-s} • I love Mary. • ={love}+{PRES}= {love}+{∅}

  26. Inflected form: Past tense • {root}+{PAST} • John walked. • ={walk}+{PAST}= {walk}+{-ed} • I drove. • ={drive}+{PAST}

  27. summary: features of inflectional suffixes • 1. They do not change the part of speech. • Eg: boy, boys (nouns) cough, coughed (verbs) cold, colder (adjectives) • 2. They come last in a word. • Eg: shortened, girls, coldest

  28. summary: features of inflectional suffixes • 3. They go with all stems of a given part of speech. • Eg: He eats, drinks, dreams, entertains… the quickest, slowest, coldest, … • 4. They do not pile up; only one ends a word. • Eg: flakes, working, higher, written *workinged carelessness (derivational suffix) • Exception: the students’ worries students’ ={root}+{PLU}+{POSS}

  29. Derivational Affixes • derivational suffixes: • {ize} attaches to a noun and turns it into a verb: rubberize • {ize} also attaches to an adjective and turns it into a verb: normalize • {ful} attaches to a noun and turns it into an adjective: playful, helpful • {ly} attaches to an adjective and turns it into an adverb: grandly, proudly • A different {ly} attaches to a noun and changes it into an adjective: manly, friendly

  30. Features of derivational suffixes • 1. A derivational suffixe usually changes the part of speech of the word to which it is added. • 2. Derivational suffixes usually do not close a word; that is, after a derivational suffix one can sometimes add another derivational suffix and can frequently add an inflectional suffix. • care + ful + ness=carefulness • fertilize + er + s=fertilizers

  31. Derivational Affixes • derivational prefixes • {un-}, {dis-}, {a-}, {anti-}, all of which indicate some kind of negation: unhappy, dislike, atypical, anti-aircraft. • {pre-} indicates the meaning of “before”: predict, pre-election… • {post-} indicates the meaning of “after”: postpone, post-graduation, postwar • www.windofspring.weebly.com for more

  32. Word formation • 1. derivation • replay; disagree; movement; careful… • 2. category extension • chair (noun) chair (verb) • 3. compound • class+room=classroom; break+fast=breakfast • 4. root creation (invention) • Kodak; nylon; quark…

  33. Word formation • 5. clipped form (clipping) • laboratory-lab; dormitory-dorm; gymnasium-gym; professor-prof; examination-exam • 6. blend • smoke+fog=smog; gasoline+alcohol=gasohol • stagnation+inflation=stagflation • 7. acronym • National Aeronautics and Space Administration-NASA • North Atlantic Treaty Organization-NATO

  34. Word formation • 8. proper name • Hamburg- hamburger • 9. folk etymology • A foreign word is assimilated to native forms. cucuracha (Spanish)-cockroach (English) • 10. back formation • burglar-burgle; beggar-beg; editor-edit

  35. Practice: clipping • Give the original words from which these clipped words were formed. • math __________ mike __________ • psych _________ disco __________ • taxi __________ memo __________ • bus __________ pike ___________ • flu ___________ fridge ___________ microphone mathematics psychology discotheque taxicab memorandum omnibus turnpike refrigerator influenza

  36. Practice: acronym • Give the originals of the following acronyms • radar • UNESCO • OPEC • OK Radio Detection and Ranging United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries oll korrect

  37. Practice: blending • Give the originals of these blends • simulcast • telecast • Give the blends that result from these words • transfer+resistor • automobile+omnibus • escalade+elevator simultaneous broadcast television broadcast transistor autobus escalator

  38. Practice: back-formation • Write the words from which they are back-formed. • housekeep • typewrite • baby-sit • peddle • televise • greed

  39. THANK YOU

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