Revolutions: Industrial, American, French

1. Revolutions:Industrial, American, French

2. The American Revolution • Colonists from Britain, France, Holland mostly settle Eastern U.S. • Conflicts between Britain and France over territory lead to Seven Years War (1756-1763) – (French and Indian War). • Britain wins – gains all land between Mississippi River and Appalachian Mts.

3. The American Revolution • Colonists believe they have a right to land because they helped win it. • Conflicts with Native Americans cause Britain to forbid settlement of new area. • In addition, Britain begins to tax settlers to help pay for the war. • Stamp Act • Tea Act

4. The American Revolution • Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, colonists begin to protest unjust laws. • Boston Massacre - 1770 • Boston Tea Party - 1773 • First Continental Congress – 1774 • Many divided on how to deal with Britain – intense loyalty to crown vs. revolutionaries

5. The American Revolution • Lexington and Concord • April 19, 1775 Britain decided to seize stockpiles of weapons in Concord, Massachusetts. • Confronted by Minutemen at Lexington • Colonists win first battles of the revolution • Second Continental Congress • Colonists decide to raise an army – appoint General George Washington as head

6. The American Revolution • Declaration of Independence • The U.S. formally declares independence in July 1776 • Written by Thomas Jefferson – inspired by the Enlightenment. • All people created equal • Unalienable rights • Governments derive powers from governed

7. The American Revolution • War lasts from 1775-1781. • Many battles – most important • Battle of Saratoga – French decide to join Americans • Battle of Yorktown – General Cornwallis surrenders to General Washington. • Americans begin to form new government.

8. The American Revolution • First government – Articles of Confederation • Weak central – strong states • Many problems • By 1787 – everyone realizes the Articles needs revision • Constitutional Convention – summer of 1787 • Supposed to change Articles – eventually created whole new government

9. The American Revolution • The Constitution • Inspired by Enlightenment philosophers – Voltaire, Montesquieu, Locke • Strong central government • Two houses in Congress (Great Compromise) • Senate, House of Representatives • Three branches of government (Leg, Ex, Jud) • Federal System • Federal gov’t, State gov’t, Local gov’t • Bill of Rights – first 10 amendments to Constitution • Can change government when it needs it • Currently 27 amendments have been ratified

10. Feudal System • Kings • Ruler/collected fees • Lords • Land/fees/loyalty • Church – paid no taxes • Knights • Protection/loyalty • Serfs • Poor masses (slaves) • Paid fees to lords/king

11. France in 1789 • Old Regime—system of division among the three social classes called “Estates” • 1st Estate—Clergy (church) • 2nd –rich noble families • 1st & 2nd estates - 2% of the pop.; owned 20% of the land • Absolute monarchy - increasingly unpopular form of government – increasingly ineffective • Nobility & clergy also had powers and prerogatives – no taxation!!

12. 3rd Estate • 98% of population - included: • 1) bourgeoisie- merchants/shopkeepers, well educated—paid high taxes • 2) workers—servants, cooks, etc. • 3) peasants (80% of third estate) • These people were increasingly jealous of the rights & privileges of the 1st & 2nd estates

13. Louis XIV • Louis XIV (1638 – 1715) King of France • Known as The Sun King or Louis the Great • ruled France for seventy-two years—longest reign of any European monarch • Louis XIV increased the power and influence of France in Europe through three major wars • "L'État, c'est moi" ("I am the State")

14. France under Louis XVI • France - cultural, military, and political leader of Europe • Model of an absolute monarch • Loved by the French at first, but his indecisiveness & conservatism led the people to reject him and hate the tyranny of kings

15. Causes of French Rev • Bad Harvests • Debt • Weak leadership of Louis XVI • Division of classes • As conditions worsened, third estate was taxed heavily • Spread of Enlightenment ideas

16. Spread of Enlightenment Ideas • Enlightenment ideas – Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire – equality & freedom of the individual spread to: • Large & growing middle class • some of the nobility • working class **American Revolution showed Enlightenment ideas about governmental organization could work • American revolutionaries - Benjamin Franklin - stayed in Paris - frequent contact with the French intellectuals • French troops worked with American revolutionaries - spread of revolutionary ideals to the French.

17. Result of new ideas - • Many people in France attacked the undemocratic nature of the government, pushed for freedom of speech, and challenged the Roman Catholic Church and the privileges of the nobles & clergy • AND Then • More State Debt – King calls a meeting of the Estates General

18. French Revolution • Meeting of Estates General  3rd Estate created National Assembly & meet separately—beginning of representative gov’t • 3rd Estate broke down the door of indoor tennis court—Takes “Tennis Court Oath”—pledged to stay until a new constitution is drawn up • National Assembly creates “Declaration of Rights of Man” • Right to “liberty, property, security”; Freedom of speech, religion, equal justice • Angry crowd captures Bastille (Paris prison) • Seize gunpowder, release some prisoners • Mob of Women marched to king’s palace in Versailles—demanding that King and Queen return to Paris & give them bread • King and Queen try to sneak out of Versailles – caught & arrested

19. “Equality, Fraternity, Liberty” Liberty leading the People

20. National Assembly • took over church lands & sold to pay off France’s debt • Many peasants objected to this (devout Catholics)—some objected to the idea of separation of church and state • 1791- N.A. created a limited constitutional monarchy • Legislative Assembly -power to make law/declare war • King Louis - little power • food shortages/debt - Rev’s leaders split into 3 factions • Austria/Prussia wanted to restore Louis to power • Why did European monarchs want Louis restored to power?? • National Assembly declare war on Austria, April 1792 • French – abroad – losing war • France – at home – in a state of chaos “Great Fear” • National Assembly could no longer keep power - dissolved • New government elected—National Convention

21. End of absolutist monarchy in France • King’s powers suspended in August 1792. • Arrested & tried by the National Convention, found guilty of treason, and executed - January 1793. • Louis XIV is reported to have said on his death bed: "Je m'en vais, mais l'État demeurera toujours." ("I am going away, but the State will always remain").

22. Jacobins (radicals) San-coulottes • Radical group - wanted to remove king permanently & establish a democratic govt • Led by Jean Paul Marat • France declared a republic – “liberalism” • N.C. drafts 300,000 citizens into army for war against Prussia/Austria - Napoleon general • Robespierre leads “Reign of Terror” • Forms “Committee of Public Safety” • Tried and executed thousands of citizens who were considered to be “enemies of the republic”

23. National Convention eventually turns on Robespierre - guillotined in 1794

24. Directory  Napoleon • Man of the Enlightenment • Military leader – rose through ranks fighting abroad during French Revolution • 1797 – returned to Paris a hero • Took part in the coup d’etat of 1799 that overthrew the Directory & set up new gov’t • THE CONSULATE – a republic on paper but Napoleon had absolute power in reality • Napoleon became CONSUL

25. Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of France; also Crowns his wife Josephine Queen What is the Significance of this?

26. France under Napoleon • Church • 1801 agreement with Catholic Church • Catholicism recognized as majority religion; church got no lands back • Civil Code – Napoleonic Code • Before rev. France had approx 300 different legal systems • Equality for all citizens before the law • Right of individuals to choose a profession • Religious tolerance • Abolition of serfdom & feudal obligations • Napoleon created a strong central bureaucracy • Public officials/military leaders promoted not because of rank or birth but because of ability- meritocracy • Created a new aristocracy – only 22% of public officials were from noble families; 60% from middle class!!

27. Fr Rev ideals upheld or killed?? • No free elections – plebiscite – an election w/a fixed result • Civil Code – Napoleonic Code • New bureaucracy – more people gained gov’t powers • Censored press – restriction of liberty - 60 of 73 newspapers shut down • Gov’t police censored private mail – limited freedom of speech • 1803 – war broke out with Britain, Austria, Russia, Sweden & Prussia • Sold French territory in America to the United States – Louisiana Purchase – raise money for European wars • By 1807 - Napoleon - victorious

28. Napoleon rules Europe • --1807 to 1812 • --Spread the principles of the Fr. Rev. to continental Europe– equality before the law, religious tolerance, economic freedom, opening of public offices to talented men instead of nobility • --Destroyed much of old regime – nobility & clergy lost privileges

29. Napoleon’s defeat • 1. Britain – most powerful Navy in world • **Battle of Trafalgar 1805 – Napoleon’s navy defeated • **Napoleon’s Continental System – stop European countries from buying British goods - failed

30. 2. Nationalism in Europe undermined Napoleon’s desire to build a European Empire • French started nationalism in Europe – decided THE PEOPLE were the state; the ruler was not • Napoleon spread ideas of nationalism to people of Europe & they united against Napoleon’s occupation • 3. Disaster in Russia • June, 1812 – Russia refused Continental System • Napoleon invaded w/600,000 troops • Russian troops retreated instead of engaging Napoleon’s troops • Russians used SLASH & BURN strategy to keep Napoleon’s troops from finding food

31. Moscow – cold!! • Napoleon’s troops finally arrived in Moscow & find capital city burning • Lacking food & supplies, Napoleon begins retreat in October • Winter began to set in – thousands starved/froze • January 1813 – only 40,000 soldiers survived • French Army completely devastated - European armies join the Russians • March 1814 – Paris captured by Eur. powers

32. Exile of Napoleon • Napoleon exiled to island of Elba • Louis XVI’s brother restored to the throne of France – unpopular with French people • Napoleon returned from exile & led a new army into battle at Waterloo • June 1815 – Napoleon defeated – exiled to St. Helena • Napoleon died there in 1821

33. Revolution Comparison • American Revolution – p. 515 • French Revolution – 516 • Haitian Revolution – 565 (20 pts)