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Anatomy of Digestive system-For Medicine

For Medicine department

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Anatomy of Digestive system-For Medicine

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  1. 22 TheDigestiveSystem LecturePresentationbyLoriGarrett ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  2. Module22.1:ThedigestivesystemconsistsofthedigestivetractandaccessoryorgansModule22.1:Thedigestivesystemconsistsofthedigestivetractandaccessoryorgans • Digestivesystem • Providesnutrientsforcellmaintenanceandgrowth • Consistsofmusculartubecalleddigestivetract—alsocalledgastrointestinal(GI)tract,oralimentarycanal ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  3. Digestivesystemworkswithothersystems ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  4. Module22.1:Digestivesystemorganization • Digestivesystem(continued) • Composedof: • Digestivetract • Foodpassesalonglengthfrommouthtoanus • Accessoryorgans • Secreteproductsintothedigestivetract ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  5. Module22.2:ThedigestivetractisamusculartubelinesbyamucousepitheliumModule22.2:Thedigestivetractisamusculartubelinesbyamucousepithelium • Digestivetractdescription • Longmusculartube • Linedwithpermanentridgesandtemporaryfolds • Bothfeaturesincreasesurfaceareaforabsorbingnutrients ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  6. Module22.2:Digestivetractstructure • Mesentery • Doublesheetsofperitonealmembrane • Areolartissueliesbetweenmesotheliallayers • – Providesaccessrouteforbloodvessels,nerves,andlymphatics • Stabilizesattachedorgans • Preventsentanglementofintestines ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  7. Module22.2:Digestivetractstructure • Fourmajorlayersofthedigestivetract • Mucosa(innerlining) • Mucousmembraneofepithelium,moistenedbyglandularsecretions,andlaminapropriaofareolartissue ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  8. Module22.2:Digestivetractstructure • Fourmajorlayersofthedigestivetract • (continued) • Submucosa • Layerofdenseirregularconnectivetissue • Containsbloodvesselsandlymphaticvessels • Alsocontainsexocrineglandsinsomeregions • – Secretebuffersandenzymesintothedigestivetract ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  9. Module22.2:Digestivetractstructure • Fourmajorlayersofthedigestivetract • (continued) • Muscularlayer • Smoothmuscleintwolayers(innercircularlayer;outerlongitudinallayer) • Involvedinmechanicalprocessingandmovementalongtract ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  10. Module22.2:Digestivetractstructure • Fourmajorlayersofthedigestivetract • (continued) • Serosa • Layerofvisceralperitoneumalongthedigestivetractintheabdominalcavity • Noserosainoralcavity,pharynx,esophagus,andrectum • Coveredinsteadbyadventitia(sheathformedfromadensenetworkofcollagenfibers) • Firmlyattachestracttoadjacentstructures ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  11. Module22.2:Digestivetractstructure • Componentsofthemucosa • Mucosalepithelium • Tractbeginsandendswithstratifiedsquamousepithelium • Stomach,smallandlargeintestinesaresimplecolumnarwithgobletcells ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  12. Module22.2:Digestivetractstructure • Componentsofthemucosa(continued) • Villi(singular,villus) • Smallmucosalprojectionsthatincreasesurfaceareaforabsorption ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  13. Module22.2:Digestivetractstructure • Componentsofthemucosa(continued) • Laminapropria • Areolartissuecontainingbloodvessels,sensorynerveendings,lymphaticvessels,smoothmusclecells,lymphoidtissue,andsomemucousglands ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  14. Module22.2:Digestivetractstructure • Componentsofthemucosa(continued) • Muscularismucosae • Twoconcentriclayersofsmoothmuscle • Innercircularlayer • Outerlongitudinallayer • Altershapeoflumenandmovethecircularfoldsandvilli • – Circularfolds(plicaecirculares) • oPermanenttransversefoldsintheintestinallining ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  15. Module22.2:Digestivetractstructure • Nerveplexuses • Involvedinlocalcontrolofdigestiveactivities • Parasympatheticstimulationincreasesdigestivemuscletoneandactivity • Sympatheticstimulationdecreasesmuscletoneandactivity • Submucosalneuralplexus • Locatedinthesubmucosallayer • Innervatesthemucosaandsubmucosa • Containssensoryneurons,autonomicnervefibers ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  16. Module22.2:Digestivetractstructure • Nerveplexuses(continued) • Myentericplexus(mys,muscle+enteron,intestine) • Networkofsensoryneuronsandautonomicnervefibers • Locatedinthemuscularisexternabetweenthecircularandlongitudinallayers • Workswiththesubmucosalplexustocoordinatelocalcontrolofdigestiveactivity ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  17. Smoothmuscleofthedigestivetract ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  18. Module22.3:Smoothmuscleinthedigestivetract • Twotypesofsmoothmuscle • Multi-unitsmoothmusclecells • Innervatedinmotorunitslikeskeletalmuscle • Buteachcellmaybeconnectedtomorethanonemotorneuron • Locations • Irisofeye(regulatesdiameterofthepupil) • Portionsofmalereproductivesystem • Wallsoflargearteries • Arrectorpilimusclesofskin ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  19. Typesofsmoothmuscle ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  20. Module22.5:ThedigestivetractbeginswiththemouthandendswiththeanusModule22.5:Thedigestivetractbeginswiththemouthandendswiththeanus • Descriptionandmajororgans • Musculartubeabout10m(33ft)long • Majororgansandtheirfunctions • Oralcavity(mouth) • Mechanicalprocessing(withtheteethandtongue),moistening,mixingwithsalivarysecretions • Pharynx • Muscularpropulsionoffoodintotheesophagus • Esophagus • Transportofmaterialstothestomach ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  21. Module22.5:Thedigestivetract • Descriptionandmajororgans(continued) • Stomach • Chemicalbreakdownandmechanicalprocessing • Smallintestine • Enzymaticdigestionandabsorption • Largeintestine • Dehydrationandcompactionofindigestiblematerials ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  22. Digestiveorgans ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  23. Module22.5:Thedigestivetract • Functionsofthedigestivetract • Ingestion • Occurswhensolidfoodandliquidentertheoralcavity • Mechanicaldigestionandpropulsion • Involvescrushingandshreddingoffoodintheoralcavityandmixingandchurninginthestomach • Chemicaldigestion • Chemicalandenzymaticbreakdownoffoodintosmallorganicmoleculesthatcanbeabsorbedbythedigestiveepithelium ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  24. Module22.5:Thedigestivetract • Functionsofthedigestivetract(continued) • Secretion • Thereleaseofwater,acids,enzymes,buffers,andsaltsbythedigestivetractepitheliumandbyaccessorydigestiveorgans • Absorption • Movementofnutrientsacrossthedigestiveepitheliumandintothebloodstream • Defecation • Indigestiblefoodiscompactedintomaterialwastecalledfeces,whichareeliminatedbydefecation ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  25. Module22.6:Theoralcavityisaspacethatcontainsthetongue,teeth,andgumsModule22.6:Theoralcavityisaspacethatcontainsthetongue,teeth,andgums • Oralcavity(mouth) • Linedbyoralmucosa(stratifiedsquamousepithelium) • Keratinizedinareasthatareexposedtosevereabrasion(superiortonguesurface,hardpalate) • Thin,nonkeratinizedliningoncheeks,lips,andinferiortonguesurface • – Thinmucosainferiortothetongueallowsforrapidabsorptionoflipid-solubledrugs(example:nitroglycerin) • Nutrientsarenotabsorbedhere • Digestionofcarbohydratesandlipidsbeginshere ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  26. Module22.6:Theoralcavity • Oralcavityboundaries • Superiorboundary • Hardpalate • Formedbythepalatineprocessesofthemaxillarybonesandhorizontalplatesofthepalatinebones • Softpalate • Muscularregionposteriortothehardpalate ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  27. Module22.6:Theoralcavity • Oralcavityboundaries(continued) • Anteriorandlateralboundary • Cheeks • Formthelateralwallsoftheoralcavity • oSupportedbypadsoffatandthebuccinatormuscles • Anteriorly,cheekmucosaiscontinuouswiththelabia • Labia(lips) • Formanteriorboundary ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  28. Module22.6:Theoralcavity • Oralcavityboundaries(continued) • Posteriorboundary • Uvula • Danglingprocessextendingfromthesoftpalate • Helpspreventfoodfromenteringpharynxprematurely • Swingsupwardduringswallowingtopreventfoodfromenteringthenasopharynx • Palatinetonsils(onelocatedoneithersideoftheoropharynx) ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  29. Module22.6:Theoralcavity • Oralcavityboundaries(continued) • Posteriorboundary(continued) • Rootoftongue • Fixedportionprojectingintotheoropharynx • MarkedbyaV-shapedlineofvallatepapillae • Lingualtonsils(locatedintherootofthetongue) ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  30. Module22.6:Theoralcavity • Oralcavityboundaries(continued) • Inferiorboundary • Bodyofthetongue • – Anterior,mobileportion • Geniohyoidandmylohyoidmusclesprovideextrasupporttothe • inferiorboundary ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  31. Module22.6:Theoralcavity • Oralcavitystructures • Oralvestibule • Thespacebetweenthecheeks(orlips)andteeth • Frenulumoftheupperlip(frenulum,asmallbridle) • Attachesgumstoupperlip • Thickmucosawithridgescoveringthehardpalate • Providestractionforcompressionoffoodbythetongue • Frenulumofthelowerlip • Attachesgumstolowerlip ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  32. Module22.6:Theoralcavity • Oralcavitystructures(continued) • Gingivae(gums) • Ridgesoforalmucosasurroundingthebaseofeachtooth • Firmlyattachedtotheperiosteaoftheunderlyingbone • Palatalarches • Locatedoneithersideoftheuvula • Palatoglossalarch • Extendsbetweensoftpalateandbaseoftongue • Palatopharyngealarch • Extendsfromsoftpalatetopharyngealwall ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  33. Module22.6:Theoralcavity • Oralcavitystructures(continued) • Fauces • Spacebetweenoralcavityandoropharynx • Tongue • Manipulatesmaterialsinsidethemouth • Surfaceflushedbysecretionsofsmallglands • – Secretionscontainwater,mucins,andlinguallipase • (anenzymethatstartsthedigestionoflipids) • Attachedtothefloorofthemouthbythefrenulumofthetongue(lingualfrenulum) ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  34. Oralcavity ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  35. Module22.7:Teethindifferentregionsofthejawsvaryinsize,shape,andfunctionModule22.7:Teethindifferentregionsofthejawsvaryinsize,shape,andfunction • Componentsofatooth • Thebulkofeachtoothiscomposedofdentin • Mineralizedmatrixsimilartobonebutcontainsnocells • Pulpcavity • Theinteriorchamberofthetooth ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  36. Module22.7:Teeth • Componentsofatooth(continued) • Cement • Coversthedentinintheroot • Lessresistanttoerosionthandentin • Periodontalligament • Createsgomphosisarticulationbetweenrootdentinandalveolarbone • Rootcanal • Narrowtunnelwithintherootofthetooth • Passagewayforbloodvesselsandnervestothepulpcavity • Openingintotherootcanalistheapicalforamen ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  37. Module22.7:Teeth • Regionsofatooth • Crown • Portionprojectingintotheoralcavityfromthesurfaceofthegums • Neck • Theboundarybetweenthecrownandroot • Root • Portionbelowthegumline • Sitsinabonytoothsocketcalledanalveolus ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  38. Thetooth ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  39. Module22.7:Teeth • Fourtypesofteeth • Eachwithadistinctiveshapeandrootpattern • Incisors • Blade-shapedteethwithasingleroot • Locatedatthefrontofthemouth • Usefulforclippingorcutting ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  40. Module22.7:Teeth • Fourtypesofteeth(continued) • Canines(orcuspids) • Conicalwithasharpridgelineandpointedtip • Usedfortearingorslashing • Haveasingleroot ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  41. Module22.7:Teeth • Fourtypesofteeth(continued) • Premolars(orbicuspids) • Haveflattenedcrownswithprominentridges • Usedforcrushing,mashing,orgrinding • Haveoneortworoots ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  42. Module22.7:Teeth • Fourtypesofteeth(continued) • Molars • Verylargeflattenedcrownswithprominentridges • Adaptedforcrushingandgrinding • Typicallyhavethreeroots(upperjaw)ortworoots(lowerjaw) ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  43. Module22.7:Teeth • Twosetsofteeth • Formedduringembryonicdevelopment • Deciduousteeth • Alsocalledprimaryteeth,milkteeth,orbabyteeth • At2yearsofage • 20deciduousteeth • 5oneachsideofupperandlowerjaws • o2incisors,1canine, • 2deciduousmolars ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  44. Uneruptedpermanentteethexposedinchildskull ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  45. Module22.7:Teeth • Twosetsofteeth(continued) • Permanentteeth • Graduallyreplacedeciduousteeth • Periodontalligamentsandrootsofprimaryteetherode • Primaryteethfalloutorarepushedasidebysecondaryteeth • Threeadditionalmolarsappearoneachsideoftheupperandlowerjaws • Thirdmolarsarecalledwisdomteeth • 32totalpermanentteeth ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  46. Permanentteeth ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  47. Module22.7:Teeth • Impactedtooth • Failstoeruptbecauseofovercrowdingfromadjacentteethorfromtwistingandtiltingwithinjawbone • Mostcommonlyhappenswithwisdomteeth • Treatmentrangesfromnothingtotoothextraction ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  48. Module22.7:Review Namethethreemainpartsofatypicaltooth. Whatisthenamesometimesgiventothethirdsetofmolars? LearningOutcome:Describethetypesofteeth,anddifferentiatebetweendeciduousteethandpermanentteeth. ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  49. Module22.8:ThemuscularwallsofthepharynxandesophagusplayakeyroleinswallowingModule22.8:Themuscularwallsofthepharynxandesophagusplayakeyroleinswallowing • Pharynx(throat) • Membrane-linedcavityposteriortothenoseandmouth • Continuouswiththeesophagus • Commonpassagewayforsolidfood,liquids,andair • Threeregions • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

  50. Thepharynx ©2018PearsonEducation,Inc.

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