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“Let’s Talk About Sex”-ual Reproduction

“Let’s Talk About Sex”-ual Reproduction. Parts, their functions and Meiosis.  Genome British Columbia, 2004 www.genomicseducation.ca. The Human Life Cycle: Why do we reproduce?. http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/apr_4.html. Sexual Reproduction.

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“Let’s Talk About Sex”-ual Reproduction

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  1. “Let’s Talk About Sex”-ual Reproduction Parts, their functions and Meiosis Genome British Columbia, 2004 www.genomicseducation.ca

  2. The Human Life Cycle:Why do we reproduce? http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/apr_4.html

  3. Sexual Reproduction • 2 parents are required and can produce 1 or more offspring that are genetically different from either parent • Benefits: creates genetic variation in a population which allows for evolution and adaptation as well as being able to battle parasites, viruses and bacterial pathogens; some species find it an enjoyable past-time! It also ensures your genes are passed on, like leaving something of yourself behind when you are gone! • Drawbacks: requires more time and energy, produces smaller numbers of offspring generally, requires both parents be in the same place at the same time (must find a mate!) • How does it happen?? You must learn a bit about the human structures first…..

  4. Male Reproductive Organs

  5. Male Reproductive Structures and their Functions

  6. Female Reproductive Organs

  7. Female Reproductive Structures and their Functions

  8. Test Yourself….so to speak! Name that part! 7 3 10 6 9 2 4 5 8 1 1. Testis 2. Cowper’s Gland 3.Vas Deferens 4. Urethra 5. Epididymus 6. Oviduct 7. Ovary 8. Vagina 9. Uterus 10. Prostate Gland

  9. Meiosis- The Process of making Gametes • OVERVIEW: • 1st Division is very important as it reduces the numbers of chromosomes by half . • Prophase I has the homologous chromosomes (chromosomes that appear identical to one another because they carry the same genes, one comes from our mom, and the other comes from our dad.) crossing over to exchange material • Metaphase I have the homologous pairs line up at the equator of the cell and in Anaphase I, the homologous chromosomes separate and thus reducing the chromosome number in each cell. • 2nd Division of Meiosis is exactly like mitosis, except that 2 cells start off in prophase 2 and you end up with 4 daughter cells that are completely different from each other.

  10. Meiosis in Detail • Prophase I • Homologous chromosomes thicken and attach to each other in a chiasma (chiasmata- plural) • Crossing Over occurs between homologs • The nuclear envelops disintegrates • The spindle fibers form from centrioles that move to the poles of the cell

  11. Meiosis in Detail (cont’d) • Metaphase I • Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell • Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes

  12. Meiosis in Detail (cont’d) • Anaphase I • Homologous chromosomes separate from each other and go to opposite poles of the cell • Sister chromatids do not separate

  13. Meiosis in Detail (cont’d) • Telophase I • Spindle fibers disappear • Nuclear envelope may reappear • Cytokinesis occurs to create 2 cells having half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

  14. Meiosis in Detail (cont’d) • Meiosis II –Prophase II * Same as mitosis – nuclear envelop disintegrates * Spindle fibers form and attach to each chromatid and the centromere of the chromosome

  15. Meiosis in Detail (cont’d) • Metaphase II • Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell

  16. Meiosis in Detail (cont’d) • Anaphase II • The sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell

  17. Meiosis in Detail (cont’d) • Telophase II • Nuclear envelopes reform and the spindle fibers disappear • Chromosomes relax into fine threads • Cytokinesis occurs BOTTOM LINE: **4 different haploid cells have been formed!

  18. Meiosis = Genetic Variability? • This cell has 4 chromosomes = 2N and creates 4 different possible gametes. • What happens when there are 6 chromosomes? How many possible different gametes can arise? • Does it matter if there is crossing over, or not?

  19. Meiosis: Spermatogenesis –Making Sperm • Notice that the outcome of this meiosis shows no crossing over, only a shuffling of chromosomes and the maturation of sperm (crossing over occurs more often than not occurring at all) • There are 4 different cells that arise from meiosis – each having only ½ the original amount of DNA

  20. Meiosis: Oogenesis – Making Eggs • There are still 4 different cells created, however, only 1 of them is used for fertilization • * note: the first meiotic division starts at ovulation, while the second meiotic division is not complete until fertilization occurs! • ** females are born with a preset number of potential gametes prior to birth

  21. Mitosis 1. begins with one cell 2. creates 2 identical diploid cells 3. has only 1 stage of division 4. DNA replicates before mitosis begins 5. Occurs in all body cells at some point of life 6. Crossing over is a rare event Meiosis 1. begins with one cell 2. creates 4 different haploid cells 3. has 2 stages of division 4. DNA replicates before meiosis begins 5. Occurs only in sex cells 6. Involves crossing over as a normal event Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

  22. Asexual 1. Requires only one parent 2. Creates offspring that are identical to the parent 3. Process may be by mitosis, spore formation, budding etc. 4. Harmful pathogens can wipe out entire colonies of organisms due to the same genetic make-up e.g bananas! 5. May decrease the organism’s evolutionary capacity 6. Usually occurs in organisms that are less complex 7. Requires less energy and time in raising the offspring Sexual 1. Requires two parents 2. Creates offspring that are different than the parents 3. Process occurs by meiosis, fertilization and then birth 4. Harmful pathogens cannot wipe out entire populations as there is a variety in genetic make-up 5. Increases the organism’s chance of survival and evolution 6. Usually occurs in organisms that are more complex 7. Requires more energy and time in raising the offspring Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction

  23. When Meiosis goes wrong? • What could possibly go wrong in meiosis? Often mistakes occur: Where? -in the first division, but can occur in the second division as well, usually in egg formation -

  24. Bibliography and Credits • http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/apr_4.html • Audesirk et al. Biology Life on Earth. Sixth Edition. Prentice Hall. 2002. • http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/index.html • http://www.grad.ttuhsc.edu/courses/histo/notes/female.html • http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/apr_8.html • http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/b/bnchorle/www/index.htm

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