WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America

1. WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America

2. Ferdinand and Isabella- Unification of Spain, completed expulsion of Muslims from Iberia, adopted the role of “Protector of the Church and Catholic missions, and sent that Columbus guy out to find India but he found only Hispaniola- WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.1 What were the motivations of the Spanish conquest of the New World and how did it change the way in which Europeans viewed the world?

3. Hernan Cortes- 1519 Mexico’s Aztec Empire invaded and conquered by his force of 600 men and their native allies WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.1 What were the motivations of the Spanish conquest of the New World and how did it change the way in which Europeans viewed the world?

4. Francisco Pizarro- led the invasion of Peru that conquered the Incas WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America Pedro de Valdivia- 1541 conquers the Araucanian Indians, founded Santiago, Chile 19.1 What were the motivations of the Spanish conquest of the New World and how did it change the way in which Europeans viewed the world?

5. Francisco Vazquez de Coronado- (1510-1554) explored and claimed the southwest United States searching for gold WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.1 What were the motivations of the Spanish conquest of the New World and how did it change the way in which Europeans viewed the world?

6. Ponce de Leon-searching for gold and the fountain of youth in Florida WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.1 What were the motivations of the Spanish conquest of the New World and how did it change the way in which Europeans viewed the world?

7. Juan Gines de Sepulveda- argued that Indians were “natural slaves” and the Spanish conquest was justified by bringing Christianity to them, opposed Bartolome de Las Casas’ argument in defense of native rights WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.1 What were the motivations of the Spanish conquest of the New World and how did it change the way in which Europeans viewed the world?

8. Bartolome de Las Casas- wrote in defense of native Americans ability to self-govern and criticized the system by which they were placed in involuntary servitude and coerced conversion to Christianity WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.2 How were indigenous societies transformed by the conquest?

9. Encomienda- the grant of land to colonists that authorized the compulsory labor of all inhabitants of that land to the Spanish landowner (encomendero) Mita- the Inca practice of requiring each person to spend a portion of each year working on public projects WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.2 How were indigenous societies transformed by the conquest?

10. Potosi and Huancavelica- silver (Potosi) and mercury (Huancavelica) mines generated tremendous wealth but were also harsh and toxic work environments WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.3 In the long run, did the mining of silver and gold stimulate the economic growth of Latin America or hold it back?

11. Haciendas- the rural estates that became the cash crop plantations with huge labor needs that (with mining) led to the growth of slavery WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.3 In the long run, did the mining of silver and gold stimulate the economic growth of Latin America or hold it back?

12. Consulado- the merchant guild of Seville, Spain that controlled all trade and much of the silver from the New World, shipped in Galleons (large but slow ships designed to carry the weight of silver WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.3 In the long run, did the mining of silver and gold stimulate the economic growth of Latin America or hold it back?

13. Letrados- Spanish trained lawyers who managed both judicial and administrative authority in the colonies Recopilacion- the collection of laws (1681) in the new world that applied to all Spanish territories in the Americas WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.3 In the long run, did the mining of silver and gold stimulate the economic growth of Latin America or hold it back?

14. Treaty of Tordesillas- 1494 Portugal and Castile (Spain) divided the new world into spheres of influence giving Portugal Brazil and Spain all to the west of Brazil WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.3 In the long run, did the mining of silver and gold stimulate the economic growth of Latin America or hold it back?

15. Council of the Indies- Viceroys- Viceroyalties- Audiencia- WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.3 In the long run, did the mining of silver and gold stimulate the economic growth of Latin America or hold it back?

16. Catholic Church- considered Spanish colonization a church effort to Christianize the “pagan” world. Jesuits, Dominicans and Franciscan monks accompanied the conquistadors everywhere. Papal approval of the Treaty of Tordesillas included the division of Asia between Spain and Portugal, granting approval for all conquest and colonization WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.3 In the long run, did the mining of silver and gold stimulate the economic growth of Latin America or hold it back?

17. Pedro Alvares Cabral- the Portuguese explorer who found Brazil after being blown off course by storms in the south Atlantic in 1500. Captaincies- land grants on the Brazilian coast that gave Portuguese nobles rights to develop and exploit the land. Sugar plantations- the failure to find gold and silver led to cash crop plantations as the way to become wealthy WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.4 Why did the Portugese wait so long to develop Brazil and why did they turn to slavery to do so?

18. Paulistas- the “backwoodsmen” who searched the interior of Brazil for gold and silver, but often became slavers in the 1600s (17th century) Minas Gerais- the region of Brazil in which gold was found in 1695 Rio de Janeiro- the port city near to Minas Gerais that will become the colonial capitol in 1763. WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.4 Why did the Portugese wait so long to develop Brazil and why did they turn to slavery to do so?

19. Sociedad de castas- Peninsulares- born in Spain, living in the new world Creole- Whites born in the new world, but ranked socially just beneath Peninsulares WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.5 What impact did the Columbian Exchange have on the formation of New World societies?

20. Sociedad de castas- Mestizo- European and native American parentage Mulatto- European and African parentage WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.5 What impact did the Columbian Exchange have on the formation of New World societies?

21. Women in New Spain Sor Juana de La Cruz- poet and writer WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.5 What impact did the Columbian Exchange have on the formation of New World societies?

22. Population decline WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.5 What impact did the Columbian Exchange have on the formation of New World societies?

23. Amigos del pais- associations dedicated to improving and reforming the Spanish Colonies, but were more focused on material improvements than political changes. WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.6 Did reforms in the 18th century save these empires or provoke their fall?

24. War of the Spanish Succession- 1701 the Bourbon family replaced the Hapsburg family as the royal family of Spain…civil war is ended by the Treaty of Utrecht- in 1713. WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.6 Did reforms in the 18th century save these empires or provoke their fall?

25. Charles III- the new Bourbon king who initiated reforms to strengthen Spain’s empire Expulsion of Jesuits- The Jesuits are banned from the New Spain colonies for their perceived interference with colonial authority WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.6 Did reforms in the 18th century save these empires or provoke their fall?

26. Bourbon Reforms- WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.6 Did reforms in the 18th century save these empires or provoke their fall?

27. Comunero Revolt- One of the popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in Columbia (New Granada) in 1781. WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.6 Did reforms in the 18th century save these empires or provoke their fall?

28. Marquis of Pombal (Sebastio Jose Carvalho e Mello)- Portugal’s Prime Minister 1755-1776; strengthened royal authority in Brazil, made fiscal reforms and established monopolies to stimulate and manage colonial economies WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.6 Did reforms in the 18th century save these empires or provoke their fall?

29. Tupac AmaruII- (1738-1781) Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru supported widely by the lower classes but failed to gain Creole support WHAP Ch. 19 Early Latin America 19.6 Did reforms in the 18th century save these empires or provoke their fall?