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BIOTECHNOLOGY

BIOTECHNOLOGY. DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling). Steps to DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling). DNA is extracted from sample (skin, blood, etc.) DNA is “cut” with restriction enzymes to make different length pieces (restriction fragment length polymorphisms – rflps).

angelica-jimenez
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BIOTECHNOLOGY

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  1. BIOTECHNOLOGY

  2. DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling)

  3. Steps to DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling) • DNA is extracted from sample (skin, blood, etc.) • DNA is “cut” with restriction enzymes to make different length pieces (restriction fragment length polymorphisms – rflps)

  4. fragments are then separated using gel electrophoresis • Electrophoresis Simulation Website http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/biotech/gel/

  5. The gel is stained or Xrays taken, producing an obvious band of fragments resembling bar codes on products

  6. DNA fingerprints can be used to... • diagnose genetic disorders and identify carriers

  7. analyze evidence at crime scenes (some placed in CODIS-Combined DNA Index System) • evidence of paternity • personal identity

  8. Measure the Agar Powder

  9. Dissolve the Powder and Heat

  10. Casting the Tray

  11. Loading the Wells

  12. X-raying the Gel

  13. Finished X-Ray of Gel

  14. Complete the Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Lab! • http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_07/resources/htmls/virtual_labs/virtualLabs.html

  15. Recombinant DNA (rDNA) • DNA from two organisms are combined • gene from one organism is spliced into another one

  16. Uses of Recombinant DNA • manufacture of insulin manufacture of Factor VIII • manufacture of HGH (human growth hormone)

  17. TPA for dissolving blood clots (for patients that have had heart attacks) • vaccines such as for hepatitis B and Gardasil (the genes for virus proteins are inserted into yeast)

  18. medication that stimulates growth of bone marrow after a bone marrow transplant • anti-cancer medications

  19. GM (genetically modified) food crops In 2006, a total of 252 million acres of transgenic crops were planted in 22 countries by 10.3 million farmers!

  20. most GM food crops are insect-resistant, drought-resistant, etc. • some GM foods are engineered to have increased levels of vitamins, such as golden rice

  21. Are you eating GM foods? • More than 60% of food products on grocery shelves contain some crop that has been genetically modified! • For example, 81% of the soybean products are GM • 60% of canola products are from GM canola plants

  22. Are you wearing GM plant products? • 71% of the cotton used in textiles is GM • (cottonseed oil can also be found in salad dressing, peanut butter, crackers, cookies, and other foods)

  23. How do you find out about the government’s regulations on GM products? Get information from the government’s web site at http://usbiotechreg.nbii.gov/

  24. genetically engineered bacteria to clean oil spills • larger amounts of ethanol for fuel (biofuel)

  25. transgenic animals in the future could be used for organ transplantation

  26. Complete the Bacterial Transformation Virtual Lab!! • http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_07/resources/htmls/virtual_labs/virtualLabs.html

  27. CLONING • Organisms with identical DNA are clones • Identical twins are clones • Plants produced by “rooting” are clones

  28. Some animals are cloned when they are damaged and divided, such as earthworms or starfish • We have cloned some animals are artificial means

  29. Who Was Dolly?

  30. In 1997, British scientists successfully cloned a sheep by transferring the nucleus from the cell of an adult sheep into the cytoplasm of an eunucleated fertilized egg. The egg was then transplanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother where it developed like a normal zygote into a lamb, which grew into a normal adult sheep called 'Dolly'

  31. Nuclear Transfer

  32. Benefits of Cloning • Survival of endangered species a gaur is an endangered animal in Asia and has been successfully cloned

  33. Maintenance of high quality livestock for food The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in 2008, concluded that “edible products from normal, healthy clones or their progeny do not appear to pose increased food consumption risks relative to comparable products from conventional animals.”

  34. Economical importance – cloning favorite pets is expensive Cc (Carbon Copy)

  35. Genetics Savings and Clone was a company that cloned pets for $50,000 • Without many customers, the company closed

  36. Statement issued 4/2/09 by the BioTechnology Industry Organization “The biotechnology industry has developed and commercialized more than 300 drugs and diagnostics that are helping more than 325 million people worldwide and another 400 or so products are in the pipeline.” 

  37. The Human Genome Project Project goals were to • identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA • determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA

  38. store this information in databases • improve tools for data analysis • address the ethical, legal, and social issues that may arise from the project

  39. Francis Collins from the publicly-funded Human Genome Project and J. Craig Venter, head of the private company Celera Genomics, jointly announce a working draft of the human genome

  40. Gene Therapy

  41. Inserting foreign genes into a person to correct a defect • Can be used to kill cancer cells

  42. Potential cures for genetic disorders such as hemophilia

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