DEMOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT 1914 - PRESENT

1. DEMOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT1914 - PRESENT THE WORLD UNDER ATTACK

2. HOW MANY IS TOO MANY? • Dramatic population increases in twentieth century • Population increased from 500 million in 1650 to 2.5 billion in 1950 • Asia and Africa experienced population explosion after WWII • 5.5 billion people in 1994; perhaps 11.6 billion people in 2200 • So far, food production has kept pace with population growth • Fertility rates have been falling for past twenty years • The planet's carrying capacity • How many people can the earth support? • Scientists and citizens concerned about physical limits of the earth • Club of Rome issued "The Limits to Growth" in 1972 • Dire predictions not borne by facts • Prices have fallen, food has increased • Technology seems to have been the unaccounted for variable • Environmental impact • Urbanization and agricultural expansion threaten biodiversity • Gas emissions, coal burning contribute to global warming • In 1997 at Kyoto, 159 states met to cut carbon dioxide emissions • Population control: a highly politicized issue • Some developing nations cry racism when urged to limit population • UN agencies have aided countries with family-planning programs • China's one-child policy has significantly reduced growth rate • Other cultures still favor larger families, for example, India

3. WORLD POVERTY Indicators include Fertility Rate, Illiteracy Rate, Enrollment in Primary School, Immunizations, Females in Labor Force, Life Expectancy at Birth, Infant Mortality Rates, Safe Drinking Water, Urban Sanitation, and Urban Populations

4. MIGRATION • Internal migration is largely urbanization • Tremendous flow from rural to urban settings • Part of process of industrialization • In western societies 75 percent of population is urban • Urbanization a difficult transition for rural people • Crowded in slums (barrios) at the edge of cities; • Massive strain on urban civil services • External migration • Fleeing war, persecution, seeking opportunities • 13 million "guest workers" migrated to western Europe since 1960 • 10 million migrants (mostly Mexican) migrated to United States since 1960 • In oil-producing countries, foreigners make up half of working population • About 130 million people live outside their countries of citizenship • Migrant communities within host societies • Migrants enrich societies in many ways • Also spark hostility and conflict • Fears that migrants will undermine national identity • Compete for jobs • Anti-immigrant movements • Xenophobia lead to violence and racial tension

5. MIGRATION OR IMMIGRATION? • Migrations often refugee related in 20th century • Result of political turmoil, war: massive popular dislocations • Europe • 1939 – 1989 • 30 million dislocated by Nazis • 15 million Germans expelled by Communists from Eastern Europe • Millions of refugees flee Communist reign in Eastern Europe • Eastern Europe Since 1989 • Wars in Yugoslavia following breakup of nation • Over one million Bosnia Muslims, Albanians were refugees • Many Serbs, Croats dislocated due to expulsions from centuries old homes • United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal • As aspect of decolonization, settlers have returned home to their mother country • Many Europeanized natives have immigrated to settle in European nations • Vietnamese, Algerians, West Africans in France; Africans, Arabs, West Indies, Indians in England • North Africa and SW Asia • Arab-Israeli Wars dislocated 1 million Palestinians • More than 2 million Jews flee centuries old homes in Arab lands for Israel • 1 million Kurds from persecution in Iraq in neighboring lands • Indo-China: 1 million boat people from Vietnam, refugees from Cambodia • Sub-Saharan Africa • Southern Africa • Massive movement of males to work in mines, factories of South Africa • Apartheid South Africa began to move Africans onto homeland reserves • War and Famine Refugees • Famine in Ethiopia, Sahel has forced millions to flee area • Constant strife in whole region has led to refugee camps across continent • Guest Workers: Poor nations’ export excess populations to work in richer nations • The Brain Drain: Western Europe, US educate world’s elite, many immigrate

6. LATE 20TH C. MIGRATION

7. DISEASES AND EPIDEMICS • Many epidemics now under control • Last major pandemic (1918-1919) • Spanish Influenza • Flu epidemic that killed forty million world wide • World Health Organization • Medical arm of the UN very active in fighting disease • Smallpox, diptheria eradicated • HIV/AIDS • Identified in 1981 in San Francisco • Originated in Africa 1960s • Spread to Western Europe, New York, Montreal Canada • In 2000 • 36.1 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide • 21.8 million in Africa: whole populations, nations threatened • Kills adults in prime • Many children in Africa orphaned • Threatens social and economic basis of African societies • Many cannot afford treatment • Many contract due to polygamy ideas, marrying brother’s widow • Aid workers, medical personal contact killing only ones who can help • Bird Flu is currently worrying experts

8. ECOCIDE • Ecocide • Permanent physical destruction of an environment, biome • Only possible in 20th century thanks to technology • Silent Spring • Chemist Rachel Carson published landmark book in 1963 • Showed how industry was systematic destroying environment • Showed industry understood consequences, did not care • Instant landmark success • Gave birth to modern Green or Environmental movement • Green Party • Arose in 1980s in Europe, active today in US, Latin America • Environmental concerns married to social activism in elections • Strongly associated with consumerism movement • Influence exerted through Greenpeace, World Wildlife Federation • Deforestation proceeding at an alarming rate • Land needed for farming, exploding populations • Rain forests under attack for rare products, land to farm • Global Warming and Kyoto Accords • Concerns due to air pollution of cars, factories, spread of acid rain • Led to international agreement to limit emissions; US refused to sign

9. GREEN REVOLUTION • Technology impacts food production • Mechanization of whole process • New seeds including genetically altered • Fertilizers, Pesticides such as DDT • Massive irrigation projects around world • The Green Revolution • Impacted India, China, Latin America, Africa • Famines today rare • India, China, most of Latin America can feed itself • World’s food exporters • Rice: Vietnam, US • Grains, Corn: Europe, US, Argentina, Canada, Australia • Beef: Argentina, US, Australia • BUT negative effects to environment • Chemical pollutants in soil, water • Destruction of forests, fragile zones to increase food production

10. POPULATION DENSITIES

11. GLOBAL URBANIZATION

12. DEMOGRAPHIC STRESS

13. URBANIZATION

14. MEGACITIES