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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. The Civil War. North (Union & Yankees) = Preserve the Union Uncommitted States Delaware Kentucky Missouri Maryland * . South (Confederacy & Rebels) = Independence. Goals. North Less than 17,000 soldiers 1/3 of officers fought for Confederacy ½ of Naval Ships usable.

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 The Civil War

  2. North (Union &Yankees) = Preserve the Union Uncommitted States Delaware Kentucky Missouri Maryland * South (Confederacy & Rebels) = Independence Goals

  3. North Less than 17,000 soldiers 1/3 of officers fought for Confederacy ½ of Naval Ships usable South No army or navy Solely dependent on state militias Preparations

  4. North More states Larger population Manufacturing Army, navy, and merchant marine South Military tradition “King Cotton” = European support Short war would benefit the South Resources

  5. North- Lincoln stretches presidential powers Martial law imposed Opening of private mail Arrests war protesters Suspends writ of habeas corpus Opposition to Lincoln - Copperheads- Peace Democrats - Radicals- aggressive war to end slavery South Confederation of sovereign states No power to tax Could not interfere with state activities Could not interfere with slavery Legislative = Confederate Congress Judicial = Supreme Court Executive = One six year term (Jefferson Davis & VP Alexander Stephens) Governments

  6. North Wheat #1 export Railroad system Manufacturing (helped North become wealthy during the war) South Tobacco had little value Cotton used only as a bargaining chip Food production Industrial expansion (Tredegar Iron Works-Richmond, VA) Economies

  7. North Borrowing – sold war bonds to the public Taxation – income tax, excise tax on whiskey, business tax, Morrill Tariff Act- raised import duties by 25% Paper $ = Greenbacks National Banking Act - created and protected $ - Eliminated state banks South Taxation = less than 1% Loans = $150 million in bonds Paper $ - $700 million in currency notes Inflation rates N – 80% S – 9000% Raising $

  8. North Population = 22 million Manufacturing and food production Railroad Civilian leadership South Defense of home soil Leadership of officers Experience with guns and horses “King Cotton” – 80% of European cotton came from South Advantages

  9. A War of Firsts • Railroad • Ironclad Ships (Monitor and Merrimac) • Machine Gun • Repeating Rifles • Trenches and Fortifications • Landmines • Naval torpedoes • Portable Telegraphs • Balloon Reconnaissance missions • 1st US draft • Use of Black Troops (54th Massachusetts) • 1st photo • 1st medal of honor = led to massive casualties

  10. Battles • Fort Sumter – April 12, 1861 - first shots fired to start the Civil War - Symbol of Union power result: Confederate victory, but united the North

  11. Bull Run (Manassas Junction) • Union victory = capture Richmond, VA • “Picnic Battle” • Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson turns tide Result: Confederate victory and proves to Lincoln he will need a large well trained army

  12. Anaconda Plan-Winfield Scott • Army of Potomac led by “Tardy” George McClellan • Eastern Campaign – take Richmond, VA • Western Campaign – Drive Confederacy from Mississippi using gunboats = split the South • Blockade Confederate coast – cut off commercial lifeline with Europe

  13. Monitor v. Merrimac • March 1862, off coast of VA near Hampton Roads • First battle between ironclad ships in American history • Result: Draw

  14. Shiloh • April 6, 1862 • Ulysses Grant invades western Tennessee in February & captures Fort Henry and Fort Donelson (“Unconditional Surrender” Grant) • Ambushed at the crossroads • Result: Union victory and Confederacy unable to hold onto Mississippi Valley • Lessons Learned 1. Need for divisional commanders, trenches and forts 2. People give up any hope for a quick victory

  15. Naval Blockade • Spring 1862 David Farragut (N) captures New Orleans and Baton Rouge • Result: Confederacy only holds onto Vicksburg and Port Hudson in the west

  16. Peninsula Campaign • Robert E. Lee (S) prevents McClellan from capturing Richmond • Lincoln replaces McClellan with General John Pope

  17. 2nd Bull Run • August 1862 • Lee defeats Pope at Manassas Junction • Result: Confederate victory and Pope replaced by McClellan

  18. Antietam* Turning Point? • September 17, 1862 • South shifts to offensive strategy • McClellan finds Lee’s secret plans • McClellan cuts Lee off at Sharpsburg, MD near Antietam Creek • Bloodiest single day battle in US History • Result: Union victory, McClellan fired and replaced by Ambrose Burnside, Britain and France postpone recognizing the Confederacy, Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation

  19. British Neutrality? Trent Incident 1861 • British diplomats (James Mason & John Sidell) captured by Union warship • British send 8,000 troops to Canada Confederate Warships Built in England • Alabama – caused $419 million in damage to Union Disliked Slavery

  20. Lincoln Changes Cause of War • Bloody Fighting • Slavery Helped Confederacy War Effort • Diplomatic Relations with Britain

  21. Emancipation ProclamationJan. 1, 1863 • Slaves behind Confederate lines set free • Broadened base of war • Gained support from Britain • Recruitment of African Americans soldiers (54th & 55th regiments)

  22. Prisons • Andersonville, GA – Confederate • Camp Douglas (Elmira, NY) - Union

  23. Fredericksburg • Dec. 13, 1862 • Result: Ambrose Burnside defeated by Confederates • Burnside replaced by Joseph Hooker

  24. Chancellorsville • May 1863 • Stonewall Jackson fatally wounded by one of his own men • Result: Confederate victory, Hooker replaced by George Meade • Lee moves into Pennsylvania

  25. Gettysburg • July 1-3, 1863 “Turning Point” • Union – Cemetery Ridge and Little Round Top • Confederates – Seminary Ridge • “Shoe Battle” • “Pickett’s Charge” (General George Pickett) • Result: Union victory, Lee never poses a threat to the Union, and Meade is replaced by Ulysses S. Grant in March 1864

  26. Gettysburg Address • Nov. 19, 1863 • Lincoln gives speech dedicating a national cemetery to the fallen soldiers of Gettysburg (2 minutes long)

  27. Vicksburg • July 4, 1863 • Result: Grant takes Vicksburg, MS cutting the Confederacy in half • Named commander of the Union Army • “Butcher Grant”

  28. Sherman’s March to the Sea • Fall 1863 (Tennessee to Savannah, GA) • William T. Sherman changes the history of modern warfare by attacking civilian centers • “War is hell.” “To realize what war is, one should follow in our tracks.”

  29. Lincoln’s Re-election 1864 • Lincoln (National Union Party) VS. • George McClellan (Democrat) • Lincoln changes name of Republican Party for more support • Re-elected and Andrew Johnson elected VP

  30. Lee’s Surrender • April 9, 1865 • Appomattox Courthouse Richmond, VA • “Let them have their horses to plow with, and, if you like, their guns to shoot crows with. I want no one punished.” - President Lincoln

  31. Lincoln’s Assassination • April 14, 1865 • Shot by John Wilkes Booth while watching the play Our American Cousin at Ford’s Theater • Mourned by all in the country

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