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Health

Health. Animal Health and Disease. Sources of Information. Keeping Livestock Healthy: A Vet guide to Horses, Cattle, Pigs, Goats & Sheep. Haynes. Publisher: Storey Books. 1994 ($15.96) (6.65 used Out of Print)

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Health

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  1. Health Animal Health and Disease

  2. Sources of Information • Keeping Livestock Healthy: A Vet guide to Horses, Cattle, Pigs, Goats & Sheep. Haynes. Publisher: Storey Books. 1994 ($15.96)(6.65 used Out of Print) • Farm Animal Health: A practical Guide. 1991. Patrick T. Cullen. Pergamon Press. ($74.95)

  3. Principles ov Vet Science. Keith. H. Hoopes. 1997. (39.95) • The Merck Veterinary Manual ($32.00) • Dorland's pocket medical dictionary or Steadman's medical dictionary ($30-50) • Stockman's handbook - Ensminger ($91.25, used 42.00)

  4. Alert Ears ‘normal’ Bright eyes Head up Contented, productive Playful, easy movement Listless Dull eyes, pallid skin Thin, no appetite Diarrhea or no bowel movements Skin rashes, blemishes ‘Unkept’ haircoat Health & Behavior • Learn to observe behavior indicating health/disease

  5. Observe an animals bowel movements • A change (looser, firmer, different color) can indicate a coming change in health

  6. 4 Good Rules • Learn to observe behavior & condition carefully and routinely • Spot problems EARLY • Reduce Animal Stress • Protection from environment, parasites, injury • Know WHEN to call for help

  7. Sources of Help • Veterinarian • ADDL (supports Vet services) • Extension Personnel • Help from State Chemist’s office, State Veterinarian, etc.

  8. Zoonoses • Bovine tuberculosis • Brucelosis (undulant fever) • Psittacosis (parrot fever) • Rabies • Trichinosis • Q fever • Salmonellosis others

  9. Causes of Disease • Genetics • Dwarfism • Hairlessness • Hemophilia • Mongolism

  10. Nutrition • Deficiencies • Hypovitaminosis • Mineral deficiencies • Rickets • Grass tetany • Milk fever • Anemia • Goiter

  11. Injuries • Mechanical & thermal injuries • Blows • Cuts (wire?) • Heat • Irradiation • Frostbite

  12. Snake venom Phenol Arsenic Salt Urea (ammonia) Castor beans Locust trees Wild cherry, esp. after frost Mushrooms Bracken fern Many plants & many chemicals Poisons

  13. Living Organisms & Disease • Metazoan parasites • Protozoa • Fungi • Higher bacteria • Lower bacteria • Viruses

  14. Intestinal worms Heart worms Tape worms Kidney worms Lung worms Hook worms Ticks Mites Botflies Liver fluke Grubs Metazoan parasites

  15. Seldom do violent damage – more chronic Coccidiosis Toxoplasmosis Anaplasmosis Protozoa

  16. Mostly skin and mucous membranes Aspergillosis Histoplasmosis Ringworm Mycotic abortion FUNGI

  17. Slowly progressive and chronic Tuberculosis Glanders Actinomycosis Higher Bacteria

  18. Anthrax Herbivores & Man DEATH Clostridial Infections Blackleg (highly fatal) Malignant edema Tetanus Man & animals Death Enterotoxemia Botulism Simple Bacteriaacute, severe disease

  19. Streptococcus Strangles Horses Respiratory Strep Mastitis Genital infections Simple Bacteria continued

  20. Staphylococal infections Vibriosis Genital system Swine Erysipelas Brucellosis Bangs, Undulant fever Salmonellosis Pasteurellosis Others Simple Bacteria continued

  21. Means of control • SOME bacteria are controllable by ANTIBIOTICS. • NOTE: Antibiotics are NOT effective against viruses. • SOME bacteria can be vaccinated against (as can some viruses)

  22. Neurotropic Rabies – all animals FATAL Equine Encephalomyelitis Pseudorabies Scrapie (not really a virus – a prion) LCM lymphocytic choriomeningitis Epitheliotropic Foot & Mouth Disease Vesicular exanthema Pox VIRUSES

  23. Pneumotropic Swine influenza Bovine malignant catarrh Chronic murine pneumonia (rats) IBR (Infection bovine rhinotracheitis) Pantropic Distemper Hog cholera EIA Equine Infectious Anemia (Swamp Fever) Virus Diarrhea Tumor Forming Viruses Viruses (continued)

  24. To REPEAT • ANTIBIOTICS ARE NOT EFFECTIVE AGAINST VIRUSES • Some antiviral agents do now exist, but are not yet used routinely for animals, except for testing for human use.

  25. Prions • Prions are probably NOT living material (viruses may not be either) • Portions of protein • Cause Mad Cow Disease, Scrapie (sheep)

  26. Normal parameters • Temperature (F) • Horse 99.5 – 101.3 • Cattle 100.4 – 103.1 • Swine 100.4 – 104.0

  27. Normal parameters • Heartbeats per Minute • Horse 28 – 40 • Cattle 40 – 70 • Swine 60 – 100

  28. Normal parameters • Breaths per minute • Horse 8 – 16 • Beef cow 10 – 30 • Dairy cow 18 – 28 • Pig 8 – 18

  29. Back to Basics – about health • Identify animals – it’s fundamental • Keep records

  30. Basics • Plan a program for health • To control disease • To maximize profit • Vaccination • Castration • Isolation • Sanitation • Herd replacement

  31. Use the professional advice of your VET and of your Extension Service • Know the Capabilities and Limitations of Drugs • Administer properly • FOLLOW DRUG RESTRICTIONS

  32. SANITATION • CLEAN UP before applying disinfectant • Use an EFFECTIVE disinfectant • Clean floors regularly • Properly dispose of manure, bedding, and dead animals • Allow buildings to remain empty (3 wks) to break disease cycle

  33. Quarantine NEW and DISEASED animals • Limit movement or contact with man and animals that my carry disease

  34. Keeping Animals HealthyCattle - Prevention • Buy or breed healthy animals • If possible buy direct from breeder • When animals are sent to concentration points • Unfavorable environment • Fed, watered irregularly • Mixed with other animals

  35. Preconditioning • Prior to placing in feedlot • Varies with: • Age • Origin • Procurement method • Vaccination history • Mgmt procedures applied • MORE than just a NEEDLE program

  36. Carefully timed program of: • Weaning • Feed and water adaptation • Immunization • Treatment & reduced marketing stresses • Want a healthy, disease resistant animal that will readily adjust

  37. Preconditioning Practices • Surgical procedures • Castrate & dehorn well in advance of shipping • Parasite control • Treat for internal parasites • Treat for grubs & lice

  38. Vaccinations • Blackleg – malignant edema – clostridium • Parainfluenza 3 • Pasteurella • IBR • BVD • PROBABLY – work list with your VET

  39. Wean calves at least 3 weeks before shipping • Feeding • Start on hay and grain at least 3 weeks ahead • Feeder must expect and be willing to pay more for preconditioned animals

  40. Transport animals under the best possible conditions • Inspect animals immediately upon arrival • Give cattle access to water & long hay • Also protein supplement • Antibiotics help reduce disease

  41. Provide shelter • Keep isolated from any other animals • Remove and treat any sick animals

  42. A good animal husbandryman can recognize when his animals are not healthy • A trained and licensed Veterinarian is qualified to make diagnoses and prescribe treatment

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