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Classification

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Classification

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    1. Classification Chapter 18

    2. Notes Classification: grouping based on similarities Taxonomy: branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on different characteristics

    3. Aristotle Aristotle - 4th century B.C. philosopher Classified living things into two groups Animal Plant Not based upon evolutionary theory

    4. Carolus Linnaeus Linnaeus - Swedish botanist, 18th century Based on structural similarities Reflects evolutionary history and relationships Two kingdoms - Plants & Animals Binomial nomenclature: two word naming system

    5. Movement to 5 or 6 Kingdom System 3 kingdoms – Haeckel, 1894 Protista, Plantae, Animalia 4 kingdoms – Copeland, 1956 Plants, Animals, Protists, Bacteria 5 kingdoms – Robert Whittaker, 1959 Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia 6 kingdoms – Carl Woese, 1977 Divides Monera into Archaebacteria & Eubacteria

    6. The Tree of Life Evolves This diagram shows some of the ways organisms have been classified into kingdoms over the years. The six-kingdom system includes the following kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.This diagram shows some of the ways organisms have been classified into kingdoms over the years. The six-kingdom system includes the following kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

    7. Domains Proposed by Carl Woese, 1990s Three domains above kingdoms Bacteria (include Eubacteria) Archaea (includes Archaebacteria) Eukarya (includes plants, animals, fungi, protists)

    9. Binomial Nomenclature Uses Linneaus system Latin - universal language, never changes Italicized in print, underlined when written 1st word = genus (1st letter capitalized) 2nd word = species (all lowercase) Ex: Homo sapiens

    10. Taxonomy Levels (Taxons) Taxonomy: used to group and compare living & extinct species Ranked from very broad to very specific

    11. Taxon levels Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Make up a mnemonic to help you remember!!

    14. Video 1

    15. Video 2

    16. Taxonomy of Humans and Rockfish Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Moronidae Genus: Morone Species: saxatilis

    17. Dichotomous Keys Paired statements that can help identify an organism Prentice-Hall Biology, p 462-463.

    18. Dichotomous Key for Leaves I = 1b, 4b, 6a = Betula (birch) II = 1a, 2a = Aesculus (buckeye) III = 1a, 2b, 3a = Carya (pecan) IV = 1b, 4a, 5b = Liquidambar (sweet gum) V = 1b, 4a, 5a = Cercis (redbud) VI = 1b, 4b, 6b - = Magnolia (magnolia) VII = 1a, 2b, 3b = Robinia (locust)

    19. Dichotomous Keys 20 questions

    20. Dichotomous Key Lab – Prelab There are two choices at each step. Size, color, shape, numbers and patterns of spots, presence or absence of external gills. Body coloring pattern with a black background and variable white spots. Find a broad difference: number of petals, number of divisions in the leaf. Color, scent, leaf size, flower size.

    21. Dichotomous Key Lab Part A Plethodon glutinosus – slimy salamander Ambystoma jeffersonianum – Jefferson Salamander Ambystoma maculatum – spotted salamander Triturus viridescens – newt Eurycea bislineata – two-lined salamander Necturus maculosus – mud puppy

    22. Dichotomous Key Lab Part A Ambystoma tigrinum – tiger salamander Plethodon cinereus – red-backed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum – four-toed salamander Siren intermedia – siren Ambystoma opacum – marbled salamander

    23. Modern Evolutionary Classification Read p 451-454

    24. Evolutionary Classification Phylogeny: evolutionary history of a species Cladistics: method of analyzing evolutionary relationships between groups Primitive traits: traits which all members have Derived traits: advanced traits which appear only in recent members

    25. Characteristics that determine evolutionary relationships Structural similarities Breeding behavior Geographical distribution Chromosome comparison Biochemical analysis (DNA) Embryology

    26. Phylogenetic Models Cladogram: branching diagram (family tree) of evolutionary relationships

    29. Quick Lab, p 453 In your notes: Work with your group to construct a cladogram of the animals in the table. Answer all of the Analyze & Conclude questions.

    30. Quick Lab, p 453 1. Lack of a backbone; Earthworm has no backbone; others do. 2. Earthworm, trout, lizard, human 3. Yes. Lizards and humans share a common ancestor that had legs and a backbone. That common ancestor evolved after the earthworm branched off. The frog would be placed between the trout and the lizard, but after legs evolved.

    31. What do these words mean? Autotrophic Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Unicellular Multicellular

    32. 6 Kingdom System Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals

    34. Archaebacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Auto- & hetero-trophic Cell wall without peptidoglycan Live in extreme environments Ex: methanogens, halophiles

    35. Eubacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Auto- & hetero-trophic Have cell walls with peptidoglycan Live almost everywhere Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, E. coli

    36. Protists Eukaryotic Uni- & multi-cellular Auto- & hetero-trophic Lack complex organ systems Live in moist environments Algae, slime molds, protozoa

    37. Fungi Eukaryotic Mostly multicellular Heterotrophic Absorb nutrients from organic material by secreting digestive enzymes (decomposers) Cell walls made of chitin Mushrooms, bread mold, yeast

    38. Plants Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic Photosynthetic (producers) Cell walls made of cellulose Have organ systems Flowering plants, moss, ferns, conifers

    39. Animals Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Ingest food (consumers) Do not have cell walls Sponges, worms, insects, reptiles, fish, amphibians, birds, mammals

    43. Chapter 18 Assessment, p 465 #1-10, 29, 30 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. A 6. D 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. C

    44. Resources Tree of Life Web Project: provides information about the diversity of organisms on Earth, their evolutionary history, and characteristics. http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ The Six Kingdoms: page with simple explanations and examples of the six kingdoms, Rhode Island College http://www.ric.edu/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/Index.htm

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