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1. Cyprus
Perceptions from
other European Countries
Slide 1 HOUSING IN THE URBAN FRINGEPERCEPTIONS ON CYPRUSAND OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIESProfessor Malachy McEldowney
2. Cyprus
Perceptions from
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Slide 2 CYPRUS - PERCEPTIONS FROM OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES EU COST Action C10
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Slide 3 Perceptions on Cyprus:from Austria (Axel Borsdorf) Nicosia as series of towns cultural centre town, shopping centre town, university town
Surburbia more important than outskirts
Evidence of buoyant economy in Cyprus
Lack of public open space, public transport
Problem of derelict sites, lack of maintenance
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Slide 4 Perceptions on Cyprus: from Denmark (John Jorgensen) Cyprus wants planning - but not too much
British system but not enthusiastic
Re-centring Nicosia like Berlin
Piecemeal development/lack of footpaths etc.
Buffer-zone great public landscape opportunity
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Slide 5 Perceptions on Cyprus: from Belgium (Jean-Marie Halleux) Dominance of the single-family house syndrome
Nicosia - 200.000 people in space for 1 million people
Most intensive outskirtisation of all COST cities
House building as dominant sector of economy?
Housing demand rather than housing need?
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Slide 6 Perceptions on Cyprus:from Slovenia (Metka Sitar) Similarities with Slovenia and Mediterranean area
Much work for developers and architects, but not for urban designers
Communal space limited; residential space privatised
Houses close together people are private but friendly!
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Slide 7 Perceptions on Cyprus:from Switzerland (Maresa Schumacher) Compared to Switzerland, Cyprus uses land very inefficiently
Interesting architecture high quality, organic, refugee housing
Taxis for everything to airport, to pub, to shops
Buffer zone outskirts in centre of city
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Slide 8 Perceptions on Cyprus:from Spain (Andrés Walliser) Familiar Mediterranean, plus unfamiliar (British?) character
Family-focus rather than community-focus
Organic architecture - houses to grow as family grows
Extensive middle-class prosperous
Immigration future problem?
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Slide 9 Perceptions on Cyprus:from France: (Genevieve Dubois-Taine) Dynamic city in dynamic economy
Divided city - cf. Berlin, Belfast
Ambiguity towards past: no strong conservation ethic?
Low-density city - high plot ratios
Poly-nuclear city emerging - planned or accidental?
Governance - lacks integration and enforcement ?
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Slide 10 Perceptions on Cyprus:from UK/Ireland (McEldowney/Houston) Contrast with Northern European cities - low density, privatised
Political rather than technical influences on planning ?
British planning structures but local interpretations like Ireland
Divided city - cf. Belfast; urban sprawl cf. Dublin
Dominance of 60s architecture what is Cypriot architectural character ?
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Slide 11 LESSONS FROM OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
COST C10 Cities Classification
Governance and Legislation
Case Study Cities Copenhagen, Madrid, Zurich/Limmertal
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Slide 12 Classification of Cities PARIS, MADRID
Core city - dense, homogeneous, small family apartments
Transport stars and rings
Family houses in large/medium-size satellite towns
Sprawl outside the agglomeration
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Slide 13 Classification of Cities BIARRITZ, ANGLET,
BAYONNE, SAN SEBASTIAN
Towns and urban villages forming a network of centres and poles
Family housing in Anglet suburb, in villages and in Basque countryside
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Slide 14 COPENHAGEN, HELSINKI,
INNSBRUCK
Finger patterns along transport routes
Topographical constraints (Innsbruck)
Green wedges well controlled
Little housing dissemination beyond urban boundaries
Single-family housing in planned pearls (Chagen,Hsinki) or traditional villages (Innsbruck)
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Slide 15 Classification of Cities BELFAST
Low-density family housing in suburbs
Medium-density family social housing in inner city
Sprawl contained by Green Belt
Scattered family housing in rural areas beyond green belt
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Slide 16 Classification of Cities BERLIN, FLORENCE, NICOSIA
Patchwork of housing, industrial estates, green areas, satellite towns
Dissemination of family housing in countryside villas in Florence region, housing settlements in Brandenburg, individual houses in the Nicosia countryside
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Slide 17 Governance and Legislation From Newman and Thornley (1998):
4 legal and administrative families in Western Europe
Cyprus in Napoleonic and Mediterranean area but in British system
British system characterised by centralised policy guidance and local planning discretion
Other European systems characterised by decentralised planning and codified regulations
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Slide 18 Governance and Legislation From: Sellars (2004)
EARLY 20TH CENTURY INITIATIVES
Leaders Germany, Netherlands, UK (Extensive public housing, metropolitan planning, annexation)
Mixed Cases Switzerland, Sweden (Sizeable public housing, limited planning, some annexation)
Laggards France, USA, Canada (Limited planning and zoning, rent control, limited public housing)
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Slide 19 Governance and Legislation From Sellars (2004):
EARLY 20TH CENTURY: KEY INSTITUTIONAL INSTRUMENTS
Local building regulations
Local land use planning or zoning regulation
Public enterprises for transport, housing, utilities
Land expropriation for public purposes
Compensation for expropriation
Financing for public construction
Public subsidies for housing
Development of municipal enterprise
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Slide 20 CopenhagenGovernance and Legislation Finger Plan 1947 no judicial status, but basis of subsequent statutory plans
Greater Copenhagen Council 1974 strategic planning and transportation functions
Abolished 1989 regional planning by central government
1995 - Greater Copenhagen Authority established co-ordination of regional planning, economic development, tourism and traffic planning/public transport implementation
Return to the past for metropolitan government
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Slide 21 CopenhagenGovernance and Legislation Strict zoning law since 1928 protects green wedges.
Zoning successful because of strong interdependent hierarchy of plans national, regional, municipal, local (statutory)
Municipal income tax (20%)residential-based so no commercial incentive
Regional (or national) strategic control since 1970s e.g. out of town shopping centre (3000m2) banned since 1995
Municipality owns most land around fingers uses to provide recreation etc. or sells with strict covenants (social housing etc.).
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Slide 22 MadridGovernance and Legislation 1940s-70s: Uncontrolled development: slums , sub-standard housing south of city; family social housing in high-rise flats
No coherent planning system, reliance on central government favour, mono-centric model, strong public transport necessary
1980s-2000: Development of democracy, challenge to mono-centric model, production of metropolitan and municipal plans
Massive family housing demand to be met by 8 medium-density new settlements linked by short distance railway and new roads
Dispersion and sprawl regarded as waste of land, but strong building industry and young family preferences fuelling decentralisation trends.
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Slide 23 MadridGovernance and Legislation Strong regional autonomy Madrid Region (178 municipalities) sets urban planning agenda
Strong tradition of land ownership rights since Franco even in favelas
Booming private house market - 16% annual house price rise, 30 % sales for investment, 7/1 price/salery ratio
Land Deregulation (1996) all land outside restricted areas/farmland available for development
Strong development lobby - banks, landowners, politicians; public spending focused on visible projects like transport or malls.
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Slide 24 ZurichGovernance and Legislation Decentralised settlement concentrations and networked system of towns
Rural/urban integration: small towns as heart of Swiss system, highly-efficient agriculture as part of urban agglomeration
Inter-cantonal rivalry: differential tax regimes to attract commercial investment or wealthy residents
Strong on local governance, public participation, environmental regulation, weak on strategic planning
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Slide 25 ZurichGovernance and Legislation Planning system: federalism and subsidiarity
Federal level-transport and environmental policy only; Canton-level Master Plans; Municipal-level Zoning Plans (legal)
Single-family housing areas innovative, imaginative, organic a kaleidoscope of private living-dreams
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Slide 26 NORTHERN IRELAND Urban Containment and Housing in the Countryside
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Slide 27 Green Belt and Countryside Policy Countryside as amenity and tourist resource
Countryside policy areas where development pressure is strong
Green belts to contain urban sprawl and to define key settlements
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Slide 28 Belfast Metropolitan Green Belt British green belt tradition
Established 1963 - Matthew
Stopline to Green Belt 1989
Green belt breaches well - justified
Whiteland for suburban development
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Slide 29 Green Belt Conditions Single houses permitted if:
replacement(150% area)
in inset settlement
agricultural need
social justification
special case
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Slide 30 Housing outside Green Belt
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Slide 31 Housing Design Celtic settlement pattern - dispersed single houses
British settlement pattern nucleated villages
Compromise protected areas and rural remainder
Suburban styles poor design tradition
Ineffective planning design guides as rule books
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Slide 32 The End