Final Exam Review

1. Final Exam Review English Composition II ENG 1123

2. Setting • In works of literature, where and when the action occurs. (89) • Where and when does the action occur? • Is the setting identifiable? • If not, what hints does the text give about the where and when? • Are time and place consistent, or do elements from other times or places intrude? • What is the setting in “An Upheaval” by Anton Chekhov? • (wealthy home; 1800s Russia)

3. Antagonist/Protagonist • Antagonist-A character who opposes another. • Adversary or opponent. Bogan, Brenda S., Becky T. Davis, and Maria L. Struder. SATP2 English II . Acworth : Enrichment Plus, LLC, 2012.Print. • Protagonist-The main character in a literary work. • “The good guy”

4. Flashback/Foreshadowing • Flashback-a device in the narrative of a short story, novel, etc., by which an event or scene taking place before the present time in the narrative is inserted into the chronological structure of the work. • Foreshadowing-to show or indicate before hand that something is going to happen. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/flashback http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/foreshadowing?s=t

5. Metaphors/Similes • Metaphors-a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance, as in “A mighty fortress is our God.” (Comparing two things without using like or as) • Similes-a figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared, as in “she is like a rose.” Compare metaphor.(Comparing two things using like or as) http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/metaphors?s=t http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/simile?s=ts

6. Personification • A type of figurative language that give human characteristics to something non-human. • Example: The ocean kissed our feet as we stood gazing at the beauty of creation. Bogan, Brenda S., Becky T. Davis, and Maria L. Struder. SATP2 English II . Acworth : Enrichment Plus, LLC, 2012. Print.

7. Hyperbole • An extreme exaggeration. • Example: She was so sad she could cry a river. • I was so angry I could chew nails. • Ms. Holdiness made us write a thousand papers.

8. Conflict • The fight, battle, or struggle in the story What is the conflict in “An Upheaval”? (A broach is stolen and Mashenka, a young governess, is falsely accused.)

9. Imagery • The use of words that appeal to the senses to give the reader a mental Picture. • Example: The icy chill of the winter air stung my face As the sounds of wind invade my space • Example: The hot sun on my neck as I observe The spikes of the crocus The smell of the earth is good. Bogan, Brenda S., Becky T. Davis, and Maria L. Struder. SATP2 English II . Acworth : Enrichment Plus, LLC, 2012. Print.

10. Denouement/Resolution • Denouement-the final resolution of the intricacies of a plot, as of a drama or novel. • Resolution • the act of finding an answer or solution to a conflict, problem, etc. • the act of resolving something • an answer or solution to something http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/denouement http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resolution

11. Point of View • Point of View-the perspective of who is telling the story. • First Person Point of View-uses the pronoun I to make the view more personal. • Second Person Point of View-uses the pronoun you to address the reader (informal or persuasive) • Third Person Point of View-Uses the pronouns he, she, it, they ect. to view a more objective perspective. (objective, formal, or impersonal) Bogan, Brenda S., Becky T. Davis, and Maria L. Struder. SATP2 English II . Acworth : Enrichment Plus, LLC, 2012. Print.

12. Narrator/Speaker a person who gives an account or tells the story of events, experiences, etc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/narrator

13. Theme • The central message or insight into the life revealed through the literary work. • The team of a literary work may be stated directly or implied. When the them of a work is implied, readers think about what the work suggests about people or life. Wiggins, Grant P., and Inc Education. Prentice Hall literature. Common Core ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2012. Print.

14. Symbolism • Uses a character, place, thing, or event to stand for something else, often an abstract idea. • Example: a flag is a piece of cloths, but is also represents the idea of a country. • Writers sometimes use conventional symbols like flags. Frequently, however, they create symbols like flags. Frequently, however they create symbols of their own through emphasis or repetition. Wiggins, Grant P., and Inc Education. Prentice Hall literature. Common Core ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2012. Print.

15. Verbal Irony • A person is saying the opposite of what it means. • Example: A student makes an ignorant comment in class, and the teacher says, “You’re a genius.” • Example: Someone pulls out in front of you and you say, “good driving.” Wiggins, Grant P., and Inc Education. Prentice Hall literature. Common Core ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2012. Print.

16. Situational Irony • When the outcome is the opposite of what you expected to happen. • Example: John is summoned into his boss’s office. Since John has worked especially hard this month and has broken sales records, he is expecting a raise. When he goes into the boss’s office, he finds that he is being fired. Bogan, Brenda S., Becky T. Davis, and Maria L. Struder. SATP2 English II . Acworth : Enrichment Plus, LLC, 2012. Print.

17. Point of ViewAcademic Writing • In academic writing, the third person point of view is usually clearer and allows a writer to come across as more credible.  Due to this and other reasons, the third person point of view is considered the best in academic writing. http://www.aims.edu/student/online-writing-lab/tools/point-of-view

18. Literary Present Tense • The Basic Rule: You should use the past tense when discussing historical events, and you should use the literary present when discussing fictional events. 1. When commenting on what a writer says, use the present tense. Example: Dunn beginshis work with a view into the lives and motivations of the very first settlers. Example: Through this anecdote, Richter illustratescommon misconceptions about native religion and shows why missionary attempts were less than successful. http://vanderbilt.edu/writing/manage/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Literary%20present%20tense.pdf

19. Literary Present Tense Continued 2. When describing an author’s work, however, use the past tense. Example: In 1966, Driss Chraïbi publishedLa Civilisation, ma Mère! 3. When you are writing about a certain historical event (even the creation of a literary or artistic work), usethe past tense. Examples: Henry Fielding wrote in the eighteenth century. Picasso produced a series of sculptures. 4. When discussing events in a book or story, always use the present tense, unless there is a shift in the timeframe within the world of the text. http://vanderbilt.edu/writing/manage/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Literary%20present%20tense.pdf

20. Literary Present Tense Continued • 5. Sometimes a sentence must employ both present and past tense. • Examples: • The first part of the poem, which she completed in 1804, describes the effects of isolation from society. • Aeschylus' drama is concerned with what happens to Orestes after he has killed his mother. http://vanderbilt.edu/writing/manage/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Literary%20present%20tense.pdf

21. Punctuation for titles • Normally, most words in a title are capitalized. The most common rule is that all "important" words should be capitalized. • In actual practice, MLA requires the first and last word in the title is capitalized, along with every noun and every verb, every adjective, and every adverb. • MLA typically does not capitalize prepositions and articles. • Examples: • The Planet of the Apes [The words "of" and "the" are not capitalized.] • The Land that Time Forgot • "Why Not Me?" [Since title is so short, all the words are capitalized.] • "Losing My Religion" [Since title is so short, all the words are capitalized.] http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/punctuating_titles_chart.pdf

22. False Analogy • A comparison that is used to demonstrate a point but which is invalid (i.e., the issues being compared are not properly comparable). Example: • "Employees are like nails. Just as nails must be hit in the head in order to make them work, so must employees." homepages.wmich.edu

23. Hasty Generalization • Drawing a conclusion based on a small sample size, rather than looking at statistics that are much more in line with the typical or average situation. • Example: My father smoked four packs of cigarettes a day since age fourteen and lived until age sixty-nine; Therefore, smoking really can’t be that bad for you. • Example: My friend smoked marijuana every day for twenty years, and he has no health issues. http://www.logicallyfallacious.com/index.php/logical-fallacies/101-hasty-generalization

24. Either/or • An either/or fallacy occurs when a speaker makes a claim (usually a premise in an otherwise valid deductive argument) that presents an artificial range of choices.  For instance, he may suggest that there are only two choices possible, when three or more really exist.  Those who use an either/or fallacy try to force their audience to accept a conclusion by presenting only two possible options, one of which is clearly more desirable. • These tactics are purposefully designed to seduce those who are not well informed on a given topic.  A clever writer or speaker may use the either/or fallacy to make his idea look better when compared to an even worse one.  This type of selective contrast is also a form of stacking the deck.  This type of argument violates the principles of civil discourse: arguments should enlighten people, making them more knowledgeable and more capable of acting intelligently and independently. http://ksumail.kennesaw.edu/~shagin/logfal-pbc-eitheror.htm

25. Post Hoc • In or of the form of an argument in which one event is asserted to be the cause of a later event simply by virtue of having happened earlier. • http://www.thefreedictionary.com/post+hoc

26. ad hominem • Ad hominem (Latin) means “against the man”. As the name suggests, it is a literary term that involves commenting on or against an opponent to undermine him instead of his arguments. • There are cases where consciously or unconsciously people start to question the opponent or his personal association rather than evaluating the soundness and validity of the argument that he presents. These types of arguments are usually mistaken for personal insults but they are somehow different in nature and the distinction is very subtle. http://literarydevices.net/ad-hominem/

27. ad hominem continued • Arguers who are not familiar with the principles of making logical arguments commonly end up saying something that would draw the audience’s attention to the distasteful characteristics of the individual. Such people use this fallacy as a tool to deceive their audience. Making such a blatant personal comment against somebody makes it hard for people to believe it isn’t true. Typically, even the arguer himself believes that such personal traits or circumstances are not enough to dispose of an individual’s opinion or argument. However, if looked at rationally, such arguments even if true never provide a valid reason to disregard someone’s criticism. http://literarydevices.net/ad-hominem/

28. ad hominem continued Example • He’s not a great athlete; he’s a fraud, a cheat and a liar. That’s why not everybody is “happy for Lance.” • The reasons given by the arguer may very well be true but he does not support his argument with reason and logic. He rather takes the disregarding approach. He does not say anything to prove that the premises it proposes are problematic, instead he goes on attacking the person who proposed them. http://literarydevices.net/ad-hominem/

29. Logical (logos) • Appeals to the readers’ intellect • Logos refers to evidence that is rational and relevant; it appeals to the readers by engaging their logical powers. Academic writing relies heavily on reasoned support and concrete evidence (facts, statistics, examples) for its persuasive power. • Visual can also provide concrete evidence. This evidence may be displayed in a graph, chart, or map… • Page 76 see Figure 11.2 Howard, Rebecca Moore. Writing matters: a handbook for writing and research. Second ed.: Print.

30. Ethical (ethos) • Appeals to the readers by establishing your credibility. • Establishes a credible ethos-good character, sound knowledge or good reputation-encourages readers to have confidence in what you say. • Page 76 see example Howard, Rebecca Moore. Writing matters: a handbook for writing and research. Second ed.: Print.

31. Emotional (pathos) • Appeals to your readers’ emotions • Using pathos to support a claim means stirring the audience’s emotions in an effort to elicit sympathy and, thus, agreement. Pathos often relies on examples, stories, or anecdotes to persuade readers. It also uses a tome that stimulates readers’ feelings. Visuals that appeal to the reader’ emotions or believes make an emotional (or pathetic) appeal. • Page 77 Figure 11.3 Howard, Rebecca Moore. Writing matters: a handbook for writing and research. Second ed.: Print.

32. Audience Hostile An apathetic, skeptical or hostile audience is obviously the most difficult to convince. Ex: A republican candidate speaking to an audience of democratic voters. This audience will be harder to convince. Supportive If the audience already trusts your credibility and agrees with your position, this could work to your advantage. Ex. A pro--life speaker presenting at a pro-life rally. This audience will be supportive. Wavering The wavering audience may be interested in the argument, but don't necessarily believe the writer/speaker. They may not be as informed on the subject as they should be. learning.hccs.edu

33. Deductive/inductive reasoning • Deductive reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect) http://www.thefreedictionary.com/deductive/inductive+reasoning • Inductive reasoning from detailed facts to general principles

34. Outlines • Informal Page 24 Comp book • Formal Page 24-25 Comp book

35. Formal Outline • Sentence Page 24 Comp book • Topic Page 24 Comp book

36. Research Paper • Thesis This is the central point of your paper. Draft a one or two sentence thesis statement that grows out of your research questions and answers. Revise you thesis as you draft you project. Page 135 Howard, Rebecca Moore. Writing matters: a handbook for writing and research. Second ed.: Print.

37. Research paper continued • Introduction Page 35-36 • Conclusion • Page 35-36

38. Works Cited/Documentation • Works Cited or documentation Give the information about the sources you have cited in your paper. Page 164 Howard, Rebecca Moore. Writing matters: a handbook for writing and research. Second ed.: Print.

39. Plagiarism • Presentation of another person’s work-a paper or story, a photograph or graphic, a speech or song, a web page or email message-without indication that it came from a source. Buying a paper or “borrowing’ a sentence (without citation and quotation marks) are both classified as plagiarism. • Page 124-135

40. Sources/evidence • Sources • any thing or place from which something comes, arises, or is obtained; origin: Which foods are sources of calcium? • Evidence • that which tends to prove or disprove something; ground for belief; proof. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/source http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/evidence?s=t

41. Quotation/paraphrases • Quotation something that is quoted; a passage quoted from a book, speech, etc. • Paraphrases a restatement of a text or passage giving the meaning in another form, as for clearness; rewording. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/quotation?s=ts http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/paraphrase?s=t

42. Long quotes • When the text you are quoting takes up more than four lines of your project, indent the borrowed material as a block by one inch from the left margin, and place the parenthetical note one space after the closing punctuation mark. No quotation marks should be used when indenting quoted material as a block. Page 153

43. Ellipsis • An ellipsis is a deliberate omission of a portion of a quotation. The word ellipsis (plural: ellipses)also refers to the punctuation used to mark an omission: set of three periods-or ellipsis points-with a space between each. Page 450-451

44. Annotated bibliography • A bibliography is a list of sources (books, journals, Web sites, periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic. Bibliographies are sometimes called "References" or "Works Cited" depending on the style format you are using. A bibliography usually just includes the bibliographic information (i.e., the author, title, publisher, etc.). • An annotation is a summary and/or evaluation. Therefore, an annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or evaluation of each of the sources. Depending on your project or the assignment, your annotations may do one or more of the following. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/01/