The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition

1. The Enjoyment of Music 10th Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

2. Unit VIIIInstrumental Music of the Baroque Vivaldi J.S. Bach Handel The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

3. 25. The Baroque Sonata and Concerto • The Rise of Instrumental Music • Early- vs. late-Baroque instrumentation The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

4. Baroque Instruments • Instrument designs were improved • Finest violins in history came from shops of Stradivarius Guarneri Amati The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

5. The Baroque Orchestra • Violin strings made of gut • Woodwinds made of wood • Horns and trumpets: valveless, called “natural” • Timpani The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

6. Baroque Keyboard Instruments • Organ • Harpsichord • Clavichord harpsichord The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

7. Sonata Types Sonata da camera Sonata da chiesa • Written for 1–8 instruments • Favored combination: two violins and continuo • Trio sonata The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

8. Baroque Concerto • Contrast and unity • Latin concertare (“to contend with”) • Opposition of different forces The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

9. Two Types of Concerto Concerto GrossoConcertino Ripieno, or tutti Solo Concerto Vivaldi: Concerto for Piccolo in C, I Handel: Concerto Grosso in G, II The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

10. Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741) • Italian violinist and composer • “The red priest” • Conservatorio del’Ospedale della Pietà (Venice) • Prolific composer “Above all, he was possessed by music.” —Marc Pincherle The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

11. Vivaldi: The Four Seasons(Le quattro stagioni) (Listening Guide) • Group of four violin concertos • Each concerto accompanied by a poem • Music depicts specific lines of the poem • No. 1: “Spring” (La primavera) • No. 2: “Summer” (L’estate) • No. 3: “Autumn” (L’autunno) • No. 4: “Winter” (L’inverno) The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

12. Vivaldi: The Four Seasons(Le quattro stagioni) (Listening Guide) “Spring” (La primavera) Solo violin, string orchestra, continuo Three movements: I: Evokes animals and nature Ritornello form II: Largo in triple meter Imagery form a sleeping goatherd’s poem Ostinato “dog bark” in violas III: Rustic dance, drone of bagpipes Listening Guide PDF The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

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15. 26. The Baroque Suite Suite: Each movement is A-A-B-B • Allemande • Courante • Sarabande • Gigue (jig) • Other optional dances: minuet, gavotte, bourrée, passepied • Repeated sections ornamented second time Corelli. Violin Sonata, Gigue The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

16. Handel and the Orchestral SuiteTwo notable suites by Handel • Water Music • Music for the Royal Fireworks The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

17. Water Music, Suite in D major, II (Listening Guide) • Royal party on the Thames River in London, July 17, 1717 • 22 numbers • Performed without continuo • Divided into three suites The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

18. Water Music, Suite in D major, II (Listening Guide) D-major Suite • Opens with fanfare-like theme in trumpets • Answered by horns and strings • Followed by lively hornpipe (dance) Listening Guide PDF The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

19. Music at the French Royal Court • Grand entertainments of Louis XIV and Louis XV • Court composer: Jean-Baptiste Lully • Composer at the Palace of Versailles (outside Paris) • Director of the 24 Violons du Roy The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

20. Jean-Joseph Mouret (1682-1738) • Theatrical composer at the court in Paris • Stage works • Divertissements • Instrumental suites • Suite de symphonies The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

21. Mouret: Rondeau, from Suite de symphonies (Listening Guide) • Written for a full Baroque orchestra • Familiar fanfare • used as theme music for television show • 5-part rondo structure (A-B-A-C-A) • A section serves as a refrain • Regular phrasing, with a strong, even beat Listening Guide PDF The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

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24. 27. Other Instrumental Forms Purcell: Come, ye sons of art away • Passacaglia • Chaconne • French overture • Italian overture The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

25. Keyboard forms Two basic types (1) Based on harmony with strong element of improvisation Prelude Chorale prelude (2) Stricter forms based on counterpoint Fugue Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring Bach: Fugue in D The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

26. The Fugue and Its Devices Fuga Contrapuntal, based on imitation Subject unifies the work Choral or instrumental Melodic lines are referred to as voices The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

27. Episodes are interludes between subject statements • Modulation to foreign keys • Use of contrapuntal devices • Use of stretto is common • Piece ends in tonic key The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

28. Contrapuntal Devices MELODY MELODY MELODY MELODY MELODY MELODY The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

29. Answer Countersubject I Subject Countersubject 1 Form: Opening of Exposition Fugue Exposition (4 voice) Subject Countersubject I Countersubject 2 Contrapuntal line Countersubject 2 Answer The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

30. Exposition Episode Subject Entry Episode Subject Entry Episode Subject Entry Form: Exposition and Episode The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

31. Bach's Contrapunctus I, from The Art of Fugue (Listening Guide) Listening Guide PDF • 4-voice fugue • Exposition: • Subject is presented in order: alto-soprano-bass-tenor • Episode: • Subject appears partially, in stretto • Incorporates musical symbolism • His name in notes Bb-A-C-H The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

32. Transition II: To the Age of Enlightenment • Rococo, in France • Empfindsamkeit, in Germany The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

33. The Rococo and the Age of Sensibility • Rococo • French rocaille, a “shell” • Reaction against Baroque style • François Couperin (1668–1733) • Precursor to Age of Enlightenment Systematization of knowledge Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1784), Treatise on Harmony (1722)  The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

34. Age of Sensibility • In Germany: Empfindsamkeit • Sons of Bach: Wilhelm Friedmann Carl Philipp Emanuel Johann Christoph Johann Christian The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

35. Expanded forms • Pre-Classical period (c. 1725–75) • Classical multimovement cycle The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

36. The Changing Opera • Satirization of Opera London: John Gay’s The Beggar’s Opera (1728) Paris: Giovanni Battista Pergolesi’s La serva padrona (1752) • War of the Buffoons John Gay The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

37. Gluck and Opera Reform • Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714–1787) • German-born, Italian-trained • Changed conventions • Words are master to the music • “Simplicity, truth, naturalness” The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

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