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Digestion 10/8/ 13

Digestion 10/8/ 13. Finish up Respiratory system transport of gases Control of Breathing Respiratory aliments Vertebrate digestive system structure and function accessory organs Mechanism of Digestion & Absorption of macromolecules. Animal Nutrition & Digestion.

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Digestion 10/8/ 13

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  1. Digestion 10/8/13 • Finish up Respiratory system • transport of gases • Control of Breathing • Respiratory aliments • Vertebrate digestive system • structure and function • accessory organs • Mechanism of Digestion & Absorption of macromolecules

  2. Animal Nutrition & Digestion • Nutrient – any substance consumed by an animal that is needed for • Absorption – • 5 categories of organic nutrients • Inorganic nutrients

  3. Essential Nutrients: • Certain compounds cannot be synthesized from any ingested or stored precursor molecule • 4 groups (1) Essential amino acids • Are • Carnivores and omnivores readily • Most plants do not contain (2) Essential fatty acids • Certain polyunsaturated fatty acids • Unsaturated fatty acids • Strict carnivores obtain

  4. Essential Nutrients: • Certain compounds cannot be synthesized from any ingested or stored precursor molecule • 4 groups (1) Minerals • Many required in • Some minerals can be (2) Vitamins • Important organic nutrients that • Fat-soluble vitamins – • Water-soluble vitamins – • Not all animals require

  5. Essential Nutrients: • Animals may consume • Polymers must be

  6. Principles of digestion and absorption • Digestion requires • Products of digestion must be • Minerals, vitamins and monomers

  7. Digestion of macromolecules: • Mouth / Oral Cavity: • all animals • jaw w/ teeth • saliva • Kill • Initiate digestion of

  8. Pharynx & esophagus • pathway only • swallowing begins in esophagus as voluntary action • tongue • go down • epiglottis • action continues by • carbohydrate digestion

  9. Stomach: mechanical and chemical digestion fig 14.5 • flow from • partially • regulates rate • glands secrete • hydrochloric acid – • pepsinogen – • control into and out of stomach via

  10. Small intestine • Nearly all digestion of • Hydrolytic enzymes • Products of digestion absorbed fig 14.6

  11. Small intestine: final chemical digestion & absorption Absorption of nutrients: • maximized surface area = • capillary network absorbs • fatty acids and monoglycerides • Lacteal (lymphatic vessel) – fig 14.6

  12. Accessory organs: fig 14.7 • pancreas • liver • gall bladder

  13. Large Intestine: • much shorter than small intestine but wider diameter • primary function to • houses • digest • produce vitamins • B1, B2, B6,B12 & K • folic acid fig 14.8 cecum - appendix -

  14. During the process of swallowing, the _____ esophagus is temporarily closed by the glottis epiglottis closes the trachea leading to the lungs pharynx restricts food entry to the esophagus epiglottis seals the esophagus

  15. As compared to people who eat meat, vegetarians must choose their food carefully to get the necessary ______. a. minerals b. vitamins c. carbohydrates d. fatty acids e. amino acids

  16. Digestion of macromolecules:

  17. Mechanisms of digestion and absorption fig 14.1 • Carbohydrates • In typical omnivore, most are starch and cellulose with some monosaccharides and disaccharides • Mouth – • S.I. – • Small intestine see Table 14.1 & figure 14.2

  18. Mechanisms of digestion and absorption fig 14.1 • Proteins • stomach • pancreas • small intestine • transported into see Table 14.1 & figure 14.2

  19. Mechanisms of digestion and absorption fig 14.1 • Fat • digestion entirely in s • phospholipids and bile salts • bile salts form see Table 14.1 & figure 14.2

  20. Role of Macronutrients: • Lipids: • Phospholipids • cells (and hence membranes) • nerve cell – myelin sheath are made up of • other lipids in the cell membranes • e.g.,

  21. Cholesterol • HDL–high density lipoprotein • LDL–low density lipoprotein • Dietary Cholesterol not necessarily related to • Dietary Fat is

  22. Role of Macronutrients: • Carbohydrates: • provide support • Proteins: • proteins short lived - • Nucleic Acids:

  23. Micronutrients: Vitamins • Do not require • Vitamins: vital but body can not synthesize • Water-soluble vitamins typically not stored and will be flushed out of system

  24. Micronutrients: Vitamins • Fat-soluble vitamins follow pathway for fat absorption • frequently act like hormones • example: Vitamin D facilitates the uptake of calcium

  25. Micronutrients: Minerals see Table 14.8 • Examples: • potassium, calcium, sodium, chloride, iron • carry out many functions: • calcium – • iron – • may act as

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