Rediscovering the Passion, Beauty, Joy, and Awe: Making Computing Fun Again

Rediscovering the Passion, Beauty, Joy, and Awe: Making Computing Fun Again Eric Roberts Professor of Computer Science, Stanford University Past Chair of the ACM Education Board 9th Annual Conference Liverpool Hope University August 26, 2008

The Etymology of the Title Grady Booch at SIGCSE 2007

That there is currently a crisis in computing education is not in doubt. — McGettrick et al., SIGCSE 2007 The Crisis in Computing Education • Computing and information technology underlie much of the world economy and offer the best employment opportunities for college graduates throughout the world today. • Despite high industrial demand for graduates with computing skills, student interest in the these specialties has plummeted throughout the developed world. • Declining student interest in technical fields represents a serious threat to economic competitiveness at a critical time. The actions that developed countries take in response to this challenge will have a profound effect on the health of the world economy.

I have not seen a compelling narrative for the decline in student interest. — Bill Gates, Stanford University, February 19, 2008 The Need for Greater Understanding • The failure of universities to produce a sufficient number of graduates with the necessary computing skills is now widely recognized as a crisis in both academia and industry. • Unfortunately, the underlying causes for the decline in student interest are not well understood. Although several theories seek to explain the decline in student interest, they do not provide a comprehensive explanation of student behavior. • These slides represent an early attempt toward developing a “compelling narrative” of the sort Bill Gates described during his visit to Stanford. That narrative is as yet incomplete, and I welcome any comments and criticism.

Employment (thousands) Top 10 job growth categories (2006-2016) 2006 2016 Growth 1. Network systems and data communications analysts 262 402 53.4 2. Personal and home care aides 767 1,156 50.6 3. Home health aides 787 1,171 48.7 4. Computer software engineers, applications 507 733 44.6 5. Veterinary technologists and technicians 71 100 41.0 6. Personal financial advisors 176 248 41.0 Google and Facebook are fighting hard to hire this year’s crop of computer science graduates, we’ve heard, and ground zero is Stanford. Most of the class of 2008 already have job offers even though graduation is months away. Last year, salaries of up to $70,000 were common for the best students. This year, Facebook is said to be offering $92,000, and Google has increased some offers to $95,000 to get their share of graduates. Students with a Master’s degree in Computer Science are being offered as much as $130,000 for associate product manager jobs at Google. 7. Makeup artists, theatrical and performance 2 3 39.8 8. Medical assistants 465 148 35.4 62 84 35.0 9. Veterinarians 10. Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors 83 112 34.3 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections: 2006-16, December 2007. The Paradox of Computing Employment • The computing industry offers some of the best employment opportunities for college graduates in the United States today: • The number of jobs in the domestic software industry are at an all-time high and are projected to grow dramatically over the next decade. • Salaries for newly minted B.S. graduates in Computer Science are high, sometimes exceeding the $100,000 mark. • In 2005, Money magazine rated software engineer as the number one job in America. • Employment in this area is vital for national competitiveness. • At the same time, student interest in these disciplines has plummeted. The Computing Research Association (CRA) estimates that computing enrollments have fallen by almost 50 percent since their peak in 2000. • This decline has been even more rapid among women and minority students, reducing diversity as the pool shrinks.

Computer Science Degree Production vs. Job Openings 160,000 Ph.D. 140,000 Master’s 120,000 Bachelor’s 100,000 Projected job openings 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 Engineering Physical Sciences Biological Sciences Sources: Adapted from a presentation by John Sargent, Senior Policy Analyst, Department of Commerce, at the CRA Computing Research Summit, February 23, 2004. Original sources listed as National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics; degree data from Department of Education/National Center for Education Statistics: Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System Completions Survey; and NSF/SRS; Survey of Earned Doctorates; and Projected Annual Average Job Openings derived from Department of Commerce (Office of Technology Policy) analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics 2002-2012 projections. See http://www.cra.org/govaffairs/content.php?cid=22.

1. Fears about the long-term economic stability of employment in the computing industry continue to have a profound effect on student interest in our discipline. 2. 3. The kind of exposure students get to computing at the elementary and secondary level tends to push people away from the discipline long before they reach the university. The image of work in the field—and, more importantly, all too much of the reality of work in the field—is unattractive to most students and no longer seems fun, particularly in comparison to other opportunities that bright students might pursue. 4. The university curriculum is somehow broken and needs a radical overhaul. Why this Paradox?

1. 2. 3. It cannot explain why enrollments have varied so much over time. It fails to account for the fact that institutions saw a similar loss of enrollment even when their curricula were different. Most of the proposed curriculum improvements were in place somewhere in 2000-01, but declines occurred everywhere. The resurgence of enrollment in the last year also seems independent of curriculum. Students decide to avoid computing long before they have any idea what the university curriculum is. The Curriculum Has a Second-Order Effect • The computing curriculum as traditionally implemented has deficiencies and can always be improved. • As an explanation for declining enrollments, however, the “curriculum is broken” theory has serious shortcomings:

3. Students decide to avoid computing long before they have any idea what the university curriculum is. The Curriculum Has a Second-Order Effect Source: Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA, 2005

1. 2. 3. 4. It cannot explain why enrollments have varied so much over time. It fails to account for the fact that institutions saw a similar loss of enrollment even when their curricula were different. Most of the proposed curriculum improvements were in place somewhere in 2000-01, but declines occurred everywhere. The resurgence of enrollment in the last year also seems independent of curriculum. Students decide to avoid computing long before they have any idea what the university curriculum is. Students who take our courses tend to like them but still shy away from the computer science major. The Curriculum Has a Second-Order Effect • The computing curriculum as traditionally implemented has deficiencies and can always be improved. • As an explanation for declining enrollments, however, the “curriculum is broken” theory has serious shortcomings:

Gateway Course for Management Science & Engineering Gateway Course for Computer Science Computer Science Management Science & Engineering student flow Students Like Our Courses But Go Elsewhere

 If students are not majoring in computer science, the problem is likely to be that they don’t want to work in the field. How Students Choose Their Majors For the most part, students do not base their decisions on what they want to study, but instead on what they want to do.

Unfortunately, however, some have started to argue for the far less defensible proposition that programming  computer science Adopting this position throws the baby out with the bathwater. The Vilification of Programming • Those who argue most strongly for the broken curriculum theory often blame programming for the woes of the discipline, decrying the widely held view among students that computer science = programming This view is indeed too narrow.

Dangerous Trends We have met the enemy and he is us. — Walt Kelly • As an illustration of this trend, consider the following post that appeared on SIGCSE-MEMBERS on August 14, 2006: I have an idea for a panel that I’d like to organize for SIGCSE’07. I’m asking for volunteers (or nominations of others) to serve on the panel. The panel I’d like to organize would have a title something like: “Alternative Models for a Programming-lite Computer Science Curriculum” The theme of the panel would be to share ideas and thoughts on how we might reduce (or eliminate) the emphasis on programming within a computer science curriculum. The basic idea is to cause discussion centered on the knowledge and skills students of tomorrow will need in the global economic workspace and the implications for the CS curriculum. As more and more aspects of software development of “offshored”, what kind of curriculum would allow a student to be successful in the IT field?

Employers in developed countries with high-tech sectors are desperate for more people with programming talent. In his keynote at ITiCSE 2007 in Dundee, Scottish entrepreneur Chris van der Kuyl said that the lack of programming talent was the greatest limiting factor in the industry. He called it coding. Industry Is Not Amused • Every technical person in the industry with whom I’ve spoken is horrified by the prospect of reducing the emphasis on programming in the undergraduate curriculum. • At the ACM Education Council meeting in September, a panel of technical people from companies like Microsoft, Google, Amazon, and Boeing were united in their concern about the scarcity of competent software developers. I have summarized their position as “the computing curriculum is not nearly as broken as it seems likely to become.” • Employers in developed countries with high-tech sectors are desperate for more people with programming talent. In his keynote at ITiCSE 2007 in Dundee, Scottish entrepreneur Chris van der Kuyl said that the lack of programming talent was the greatest limiting factor in the industry.

Programming Remains Central • As with many of the popular theories for declining enrollments, the call to “reduce or eliminate” programming from computing curricula arises from some undeniable assumptions: • There are more jobs in IT that don’t require programming. • Programming is not particularly popular with students today. • Offshoring of programming jobs has increased. • Unfortunately, this analysis ignores the following equally valid propositions: • There are more jobs in IT that do require programming. • Programming has historically been what attracts students the most. • Globalization has created more IT jobs in India/China and the U.S. • Offshoring exists largely because of a shortfall of skilled employees.

A Thought Experiment about Offshoring • Suppose that you are Microsoft and that you can hire a software developer from Stanford whose loaded costs will be $200,000 per year. Over in Bangalore, however, you can hire a software developer for $75,000 per year. Both are equally talented and will create $1,000,000 annually in value. What do you do? • Although the developer in Bangalore has a higher return, the optimal strategy is to hire them both. After all, why throw away $800,000 a year? • Any elementary economics textbook will explain that one hires as long as the marginal value of the new employee is greater than the marginal cost. The essential point is that companies seek to maximize return, and not simply to minimize cost.

1. Fears about the long-term economic stability of employment in the computing industry continue to have a profound effect on student interest in our discipline. 2. 3. The kind of exposure students get to computing at the elementary and secondary level tends to push people away from the discipline long before they reach the university. The image of work in the field—and, more importantly, all too much of the reality of work in the field—is unattractive to most students and no longer seems fun, particularly in comparison to other opportunities that bright students might pursue. Analysis of the Factors

Industry Reports a Labor Shortage —April 28, 2005 Gates Cites Hiring Woes, Criticizes Visa Restrictions By David A. Vise Microsoft Corp. Chairman Bill Gates said yesterday the software giant is having enormous difficulty filling computer jobs in the United States as a result of tight visa restrictions on foreign workers and a declining interest among U._S. students in computer science. <tab>Speaking on a technology panel at the Library of Congress, Gates said a decline in the number of U._S. students pursuing careers in science and technology is hurting Microsoft in the short run, and could have serious long-term consequences for the U._S. economy if the problem is not addressed. <tab>“We are very concerned that the U._S. will lose its competitive position. For Microsoft, it means we are having a tougher time hiring,” Gates said. “The jobs are there, and they are good-paying jobs, but we don’t have the same pipeline.” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/04/27/AR2005042702241.html

Both Sides of the Atlantic Feel the Pinch —August 18, 2008 Thousands of jobs ‘lost’ as courses snubbed Slump in technology graduates fuels fear for future of economy By Katherine Donnelly and John Walshe Thousands of highly paid jobs are going abegging because colleges can’t get enough students for courses that are key to the country’s economic future. . . . <tab>There is deepening concern about the poor uptake in science, engineering and technology—all of which are regarded as a cornerstone for future growth. <tab>Despite the economic downturn, there are 10,000 vacancies in the computing and the IT sector, and 5,000 jobs available in engineering. <tab>A graphic example of the crisis was revealed last night showing that numbers graduating in computer applications from Dublin City University dropped from 224 in 2005 to 70 this year. http://www.independent.ie/national-news/thousands-of-jobs-lost-as-courses-snubbed-1457757.html

Even So, Many People Remain Unconvinced —August 18, 2008 So where are these ‘lost’ jobs? Concerning the report ‘Thousands of jobs lost as courses snubbed’ (Irish Independent, August 18), I would love to know where the 5,000 engineering jobs are going a-begging. <tab>My son has just finished his Masters and has a 2.1 in mechanical engineering. Very few jobs are advertised, never mind available. Most graduate positions that he has applied for have been filled by people with experience, because experienced engineers are finding it difficult to get work. <tab>He has, like generations before him, gone to England for work, and not because he wants to. . . . <tab>Please, when you find out where all the marvellous positions are can you let me know, my son would be delighted to hear. http://www.independent.ie/opinion/letters/so-where-are-these-lost-jobs-1460165.html

All this talk about “Blue Skies” ahead just can’t hide the stark fact that Americans who don’t wish to migrate to India and/or some other off-shore haven are going to have a difficult career. Maria Klawe President, Harvey Mudd College (at the time, Dean at Princeton) Myths of a Jobs Crisis Persist There is no shortage of evidence that people believe the myths about the lack of jobs and the danger of outsourcing. December 1, 2005 Blue Skies Ahead for IT Jobs By Maria Klawe Why would any smart American undergrad go into IT when companies like IBM and HP are talking of stepping up their off-shoring efforts in the coming years? They want cheap labor, no matter the real cost. Contrary to popular belief, career opportunities in computer science are at an all-time high. We’ve got to spread that message among students from a rainbow of backgrounds, or risk becoming a technological backwater. I have been very successful in IT, but I certainly wouldn’t recommend it today to anyone except people who are geeks. . . . I think the latest figures from the U.S. Department of Labor are not correct.

There Are Also Contrary Arguments —January 26, 1998 Now Hiring! If You’re Young By Norman Matloff DAVIS, Calif—Readers of recent reports about a shortage of computer programmers would be baffled if they also knew that Microsoft hires only 2 percent of its applicants for software positions. Even among those applicants whom Microsoft invites to its headquarters for interviews, according to David Pritchard, the director of recruiting, the company makes offers to only one in four. <tab>You don’t have to be a “techie” to see that such a low ratio, typical for the industry, contradicts the claims of a software labor shortage. If companies were that desperate, they simply could not be so picky. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE6DF123BF935A15752C0A96E958260 Matloff argues that there is no programmer shortage. The only clear conclusion one can draw from the data is that companies perceive a shortage in applicants who pass their quality threshold.

Mort is your most common developer, who doesn’t have a CS background, may even be a recent newcomer, and doesn’t quite understand what the computer is doing under the covers, but who writes the dinky IT programs that make businesses run. Elvis, more knowledgeable, cares about code quality, but has a life too. Einstein writes some serious-ass piece of code like device drivers, wants to get things done, needs to be able to go low level and high level, needs a language without restrictions to get his job done. Mort is your most common developer, who doesn’t have a CS background, may even be a recent newcomer, and doesn’t quite understand what the computer is doing under the covers, but who writes the dinky IT programs that make businesses run. Elvis, more knowledgeable, cares about code quality, but has a life too. Einstein writes some serious-ass piece of code like device drivers, wants to get things done, needs to be able to go low level and high level, needs a language without restrictions to get his job done. The Microsoft Programming Personae Microsoft’s cultural lore defines three types of programmers: Mort is your most common developer, who doesn’t have a CS background, may even be a recent newcomer, and doesn’t quite understand what the computer is doing under the covers, but who writes the dinky IT programs that make businesses run. Elvis, more knowledgeable, cares about code quality, but has a life too. Einstein writes some serious-ass piece of code like device drivers, wants to get things done, needs to be able to go low level and high level, needs a language without restrictions to get his job done. — Wesner Moise, “Who are you? Mort, Elvis or Einstein,” September 25, 2003 http://wesnerm.blogs.com/net_undocumented/2003/09/who_are_you_mor.html For the most part, Microsoft (along with Google and other first-rank companies) are seeking to hire the Einsteins, which explains the low hiring ratio.

H. Sackman, W. J. Erikson, and E. E. Grant. Exploratory experimental studies comparing on-line and off-line programming performance. Communications of the ACM, January 1968. T. Pui-Wing and K. Delaney. Google’s growth helps ignite Silicon Valley hiring frenzy. Wall Street Journal, November 23, 2005. 1 5 W. Curtis. Substantiating programmer variability. Proceedings of the IEEE, July 1981. 2 T. DeMarco and T. Lister. Programmer performance and the effects of the workplace. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Software Engineering. IEEE Computing Society Press, August 1985. 3 G. E. Bryan. Not all programmers are created equal. In Richard Thayer, Software Engineering Project Management (second edition), IEEE Computer Society, 1997. 4 Variations in Programmer Productivity • In 1968, a study by Sackman, Erikson, and Grant1 revealed that programmers with the same level of experience exhibit variations of more than 20 to 1 in the time required to solve particular programming problems. • More recent studies2, 3, 4 confirm this high variability. • Most industry insiders believe that the productivity variance is even higher today. In 2005, Google’s VP for Engineering, Alan Eustace, told The Wall Street Journal that one top-notch engineer is worth 300 times or more than the average.5

Eliminated in 2009 CS is Losing Ground in the Schools • In the United States, the Computer Science exam is the only Advanced Placement exam that has shown declining student numbers in recent years. • Similar problems exist in the UK in terms of declining student interest in relevant A-levels in science and maths.

Computing Faces Huge Challenges in Schools • In many schools, computing courses are seen as vocational and not as academic. In the U.S., the National Collegiate Athletic Association no longer offers academic credit for most computing courses. • Students who are heading toward top universities are advised to take non-CS courses to bolster their admissions chances. • Because schools are evaluated on how well their students perform in math and science, many schools are shifting teachers away from computer science toward these disciplines. Those disciplines, moreover, actively oppose expanding high-school computer science. • People who have software development skills command high salaries and tend not to teach in schools. J • Administrators find tools like PowerPoint more sexy and exciting. • Computing skills in general—and programming in particular—have become much harder to teach. • Teachers have few resources to keep abreast of changes in the field.

Dilbert “The Knack” The Real Image Problem http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmYDgncMhXw

The Reality Is Also a Problem Has anyone considered the possibility that it’s just not fun anymore? —Don Knuth, October 11, 2006 • Students at Stanford have expressed the following concerns: • Long hours with little chance for a balanced life • A less pleasant social milieu than other occupations • A sense that success in programming is possible only for those who are much brighter than they see themselves to be • Work that is often repetitive and unchallenging, particularly when it involves maintaining legacy technology • Programming has become more difficult than it used to be • No chance for a lasting impact because of rapid obsolescence • Fears that employment with an individual company is dicey even though opportunities are good in the industry as a whole • Frustration at being managed by nontechnical people who make more money but are not as bright (Dilbert’s boss)

Dilbert’s Boss Has More Appeal than Dilbert Everyone knows who the pointy-haired boss is, right? I think most people in the technology world not only recognize this cartoon character, but know the actual person in their company that he is modelled upon. — Paul Graham, May 2002

But the Reality Is Also a Problem Has anyone considered the possibility that it’s just not fun anymore? —Don Knuth, October 11, 2006 • Students at Stanford have expressed the following concerns: • Long hours with little chance for a balanced life • A less pleasant social milieu than other occupations • A sense that success in programming is possible only for those who are much brighter than they see themselves to be • Work that is often repetitive and unchallenging, particularly when it involves maintaining legacy technology • Programming has become more difficult than it used to be • No chance for a lasting impact because of rapid obsolescence • Fears that employment with an individual company is dicey even though opportunities are good in the industry as a whole • Frustration at being managed by nontechnical people who make more money but are not as bright • A perception that programmers are definitely on the labor side of the labor/capital divide

Capital Labor The Capital-Labor Divide

What We Need To Do • Recognize that the problems extend well beyond the university. • Press government and industry to improve computing education at the K-12 level, possibly through public-private partnerships. • Take creative steps to bolster both the image and the reality of work in the profession. • Make it clear to students (as well as faculty) that programming remains essential to much of the work in the field. • Emphasize the “beauty” of programming by focusing more attention on software as an art. • Explore new styles of pedagogy that are more finely attuned to artistic domains.

<tab>Implicit in these remarks is the notion that there is something undesirable about an area of human activity that is classified as an “art”; it has to be a Science before it has any real stature. On the other hand, I have been working for more than 12 years on a series of books called “The Art of Computer Programming.” People frequently ask me why I picked such a title; and in fact some people apparently don’t believe that I really did so, since I’ve seen at least one bibliographic reference to some books called “The Act of Computer Programming.” <tab>In this talk I shall try to explain why I think “Art” is the appropriate word. I will discuss what it means for something to be an art, in contrast to being a science; I will try to examine whether arts are good things or bad things; and I will try to show that a proper viewpoint of the subject will help us all to improve the quality of what we are now doing. Knuth’s Turing Award Lecture (1974) When Communications of the ACM began publication in 1959, the members of ACM’s Editorial Board made the following remark as they described the purposes of ACM’s periodicals: “If computer programming is to become an important part of computer research and development, a transition of programming from an art to a disciplined science must be effected.” Don Knuth <tab>Such a goal has been a continually recurring theme during the ensuing years; for example, we read in 1970 of the “first steps toward transforming the art of programming into a science.” Meanwhile we have actually succeeded in making our discipline a science, and in a remarkably simple way: merely by deciding to call it “computer science.” ACM Turing Award 1974 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/361604.361612

Paul Graham’s Hackers and Painters When I finished grad school in computer science I went to art school to study painting. A lot of people seemed surprised that someone interested in computers would also be interested in painting. They seemed to think that hacking and painting were very different kinds of work—that hacking was cold, precise, and methodical, and that painting was the frenzied expression of some primal urge. <tab>Both of these images are wrong. Hacking and painting have a lot in common. In fact, of all the different types of people I’ve known, hackers and painters are among the most alike. <tab>What hackers and painters have in common is that they’re both makers. Along with composers, architects, and writers, what hackers and painters are trying to do is make good things. Paul Graham (photo by Niall Kennedy) http://www.paulgraham.com/hp.html

Software education today is embodied in Computer Science and Software Engineering programs, supplemented by informal mentoring on the job. I find this approach unsatisfactory. Software development is a performance exhibiting skills developed by an individual—often in groups of teams in order to achieve the scale of software required. In this way, software development is like putting on a play, which requires the skills and performances of a number of people working in tandem on stage and behind the scenes. Such skills can be developed in isolation through practice with other amateurs or even by putting on plays in public without any training at all. But how much faster could talent be developed in a educational program that recognized that writing software has enough of an arts-like performance component that the program was tailored to it? Another apt comparison can be found in the creative writing arts. It is entirely possible to become an extraordinary writer by one’s self, by simply writing and reading, and many excellent writers progress this way. A faster way to gain competence is through a Master of Fine Arts program, which is designed to rapidly increase one’s skills and to get one prepared to bring to bear critical thinking to the process of continuing improvement. Some believe that all aspects of software design and development are really engineering or scientific disciplines where the models of engineering and science apply, and I will not quarrel with them nor try to convince them otherwise. . . . <tab>This proposal is predicated on the belief that being a good software designer and developer requires talent, and that talent can be developed. We explicitly liken the practice of software to the practice of fine art. Dick Gabriel’s Proposal for a Software MFA Dick Gabriel software wizard prizewinning poet http://www.dreamsongs.com/MFASoftware.html

SEMESTER AT SEA Alternative Models of Software Education Although Dick Gabriel’s model of an MFA in software is worth investigating, it may be more appropriate to create “conservatories” for the teaching of software arts, similar to music conservatories. One possibility might be some sort of New England Conservatory of Coding. Or perhaps a Hogwarts School for Software Wizardry. Although Dick Gabriel’s model of an MFA in software is worth investigating, it may be more appropriate to create “conservatories” for the teaching of software arts, similar to music conservatories. One possibility might be some sort of New England Conservatory of Coding. Or perhaps a Hogwarts School for Software Wizardry. Although Dick Gabriel’s model of an MFA in software is worth investigating, it may be more appropriate to create “conservatories” for the teaching of software arts, similar to music conservatories. One possibility might be some sort of New England Conservatory of Coding. (Or perhaps a Hogwarts School for Software Wizardry.) Another model might be to create intensive programs that encourage students to focus on the art of software development, in much the same way that programs like the University of Virginia’s Semester at Sea program offers a concentrated immersion in oceanography, geography, and cultural anthropology. SEMESTER AT C++

Three Student Personae Taking a cue from Microsoft’s classification of programmers, it is interesting to think about different students that computer science attracts: • In the boom years, we tended to attract the entrepreneur, lured by the dream of start-up riches. That student now heads for finance. • Most academic programs tend to focus on creating the engineer, but that lifestyle strikes today’s students as boring. • We need to attract the artist—someone who can appreciate the passion, beauty, joy, and awe that make our field exciting. And consider not only how much easier it is to find female artists to serve as role models but also how much easier it is to convince women that the lifestyle of an artist might be attractive. Emily Carr Mary Cassatt Dora Carrington Frida Kahlo Georgie O’Keeffe

Artists Have a More Positive Image In 1998, sixth-graders in selected California schools were asked to draw their image of a computer professional. The drawings are for the most part aligned with traditional stereotypes, as follows:

Images of Computing (Bermuda) In Bermuda, we performed the same exercise after students had taken several Stanford-designed courses:

The End Beauty is truth, truth beauty,that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. — John Keats, “Ode on a Grecian Urn,” 1819

Rediscovering the Passion, Beauty, Joy, and Awe: Making Computing Fun Again