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Assessing GIS Tools for E-911 Services: Enhancing Emergency Response Efficiency

This study assesses advanced GIS tools for E-911 services, focusing on enhancing emergency response efficiency. It includes analysis of existing GIS applications, Dijkstra's Algorithm, Fortune's Algorithm, and their applicability in emergency response scenarios. The motivation, goals, assumptions, solution validity, and potential issues and limitations are discussed.

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Assessing GIS Tools for E-911 Services: Enhancing Emergency Response Efficiency

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  1. Assessment of Advanced GISTools for E-911 Services Cole Kelleher Benjamin Post CSCI 5980

  2. Outline • Motivation • Goals • Assumptions • Existing GIS Applications • Dijkstra’s Algorithm • Fortune’s Algorithm • Solution • Validity of Goals • Issues and Limitations

  3. Motivation • Proliferation of location aware devices • Increase in GIS analysis • Large potential for application of new GIS services and workflows for emergency responders • Improved response time • Efficient resource management • Post emergency response analysis

  4. Goals • Identify potential value added GIS functionality for emergency response • Identify infrastructure to support this functionality • Verify validity of GIS functionality • Does it already exist? • Would it be useful?

  5. Assumptions • Emergency calls collected via automated and manual methods • Call vs. triggered alarm • Formal emergency types for multi-entity (Fire Dept., Police Dept., etc.) use. • Use of location aware devices by emergency response personnel • Smart-phones, GPS enabled laptops and receivers

  6. Existing GIS Applications • Crime Stat • Post crime analysis tool • Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) • Tracks emergency vehicles • CAD / GIS • ESRI, AutoCAD • Display EMR locations • Display critical infrastructure

  7. Dijkstra’s Algorithm

  8. Overview • Well known search algorithm within CSci • Finds the shortest path between two points • Can be run on a variety of inputs • Graphs – both pure and weighted • Rasters • Speed dependent upon heap • O(V²) to O(E + V log V)

  9. Dijkstra’s Modification • Graphs are weighted by Time • Road Network: road speed/distance = time • Algorithm is modified to allow the search to run until a specified time value has been reached along each path. • Once the search has reached its maxima of allowed travel time across all nodes, we receive that heap of all nodes which meet the time constraint • Useful for determining time based suspect search perimeter and/or optimal route

  10. Results

  11. Results

  12. Fortune’s Algorithm

  13. Overview • Maintain Voronoi polygons for emergency personnel to query for optimal response • Functional for nearest entity/response team determination • Three separate sets of polygons • Fire and EMTs, which are static • Police, which would are dynamic • Operates in O(n log n) time • n = number of entities

  14. Algorithm • Assumes point set is sorted • Runs a sweep line across the set • Once a point is reached, calculates a parabola which forms the trailing beach line • At the intersection of 3 beach lines, creates a vertex for one of the set’s polygons

  15. Results

  16. Results

  17. Results

  18. Interview with Wayne Betcher • Dispatcher, Goodhue County Sheriff • Committee, Sheriff’s Assoc NG9-1-1 • Future Technology • 911 via text, VoIP • Send/Receive video • Social Media • Use of collected data • Spatio-Temporal analysis of patrol routes

  19. Solution

  20. Validity of Goals • Use of state-of-the-art technologies to support efficient emergency response • Increased response time and delivery of spatial data relevent to the emergency • Able to meet the needs of multiple emergency entities • Recording of spatial location data for post emergency response assessment and improvement • Compatible with future crime reporting methods (text messages, social media, etc.)

  21. Issues and Limitations • Difficult to Implement and test • Real-world testing, infrastructure, input specifications, and delivery method will need to be addressed • Modified Dijkstra’s Algorithm • Unknown at this time, would likely be more useful once NG911 services are enabled • Cordons: Manhunts and Amber Alerts • Fortune’s Algorithm • Difficult to assess, nature of patrol officer might prohibit closest officer from responding • Expressed need for polygons representing E911 areas, Fortune’s might not be appropriate

  22. Sources • Dijkstra’s Algorithm • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra's_algorithm • Fortune’s Algorithm • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune%27s_algorithm • Automatic Vehicle Location • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_vehicle_location • Next Generation 911 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_generation_911

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